346  CALIFORNIA  STATE  MINING  BUREAU 

598  FERRY  BUILDING,  SAN  FRANCISCO 

ER  HAMILTON  State  Mineralogist 

I  San  Francisco]  PRELIMINARY  REPORT  No.  5  [March,  1918 


ntimony,  Graphite,    Nickel, 
Potash,  Strontium,  Tin 


University  of  California 

Southern  Regional 

Library  Facility 


CALIFORNIA  STATE  IMUNTIXC   OFKICK 

SACRAMENTO 

1918 


CALIFORNIA  STATE  MINING  BUREAU 

FERRY  BUILDING,  SAN  FRANCISCO 
FLETCHER  HAMILTON  State  Mineralogist 

San  Francisco]  PRELIMINARY  REPORT  No.  5  [March,  1918 


Antimony,  Graphite,    Nickel, 
Potash,  Strmtium,  Tin 


By 
K.  S.  BOALICH 

and 
W.  O.  CASTELLO 


CALIFORNIA   STATE  PRINTING  OKKU't 
SACRAMENTO 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page 

LETTER    OF    TRANSMITTAI.    . 

5 

INTRODUCTION 

7 

FKKI.JHT     RATKS     

7 

CHAPTER     I.      ANTI.MONY 

8 

FOREWORD      __   __   

8 

PROPERTIES,   ORES   AND  TESTS    __ 

8 

OCCURRENCE    

9 

USES                         —             ___'  

.   -_                 9 

PRICES    _  

.      _   _          10 

DEPOSITS    

11 

BUYERS  OR  CONSUMERS   

12 

BETTERS    FROM    CONSUMERS    

12 

CHAPTER   II.      GRAPHITE 

14 

FOREWORD    

14 

PROPERTIES  AND  OCCURRENCE  

14 

USES   

._      _             15 

PRICES    

in 

DEPOSITS    •  — 

16 

BUYERS  OR  CONSUMERS  —  1__. 

._      _             16 

CHAPTER   JII.      NICKEL 

17 

FOREWORD    _ 

17 

PROPERTIES 

17 

ORES  AND  OCCURRENCE                                 _                    _ 

17 

TESTS   

18 

USES  _   -        

IS 

PRICES    

18 

DEPOSITS 

18 

CM  AFTER   IV.      POTASH 

19 

FOREWORD 

19 

PRICES                                       _                                                  .                 _ 

19 

PROPERTIES    

19 

OCCURRENCE  AND  SOURCES 

20 

TESTS   

21 

USES                               _                    _                __:                            ___________ 

22 

PRODUCERS     _                                      •                                                                 _   . 

23 

BUYERS     _ 

23 

24 

POTASH  EXPLORATION  —  FEDERAL  ACT 

.      -               28 

CHAPTER   V.      STRONTIUM 

33 

FOREWORD 

33 

PROPERTIES  AND  ORES 

33 

USES         .                                                                   _ 

._      ..            34 

TESTS 

34 

PRICES                                                                                                              _  . 

34 

1  >K1'OSITS 

34 

BUYERS  OR  CONSUMERS 

3J 

CHAPTER  VI.      TIN     _      _ 

35 

FOREWORD 

35 

PROPERTIES                                   _  __ 

35 

ORES  AND  OCCURRENCE 

35 

TESTS    _    -  .       __    _          .      __                     _                     _ 

36 

USES                        _                              _                                      _  _ 

36 

PRICES 

36 

LIST  01-'   PFRUCATIOXS,   <  '  A  I.TKORNI  A    STATE  MINING  BUREAU      . 

37 

DETERMINATION    OF    AIINKRAL    S  \MPLES 

40 

INDEX      __ 

41 

LETTER  OF  TRANSMITTAL. 


T<>  Ills  l-'.rfi  il<  HCIJ  the  HONORABLE  WILLIAM  D.  STEPHENS, 
Governor  of  the  State  of  California. 

SIR  :  I  have  the  honor  to  transmit  herewith  Preliminary  Report  No.  5 
on  Antimony,  Graphite,  Nickel,  Potash,  Strontium  and  Tin. 

The  endeavor  has  been  to  make  the  information  practical  and  concise, 
follow  -ing  the  general  plan  adopted  in  Preliminary  Reports  Nos.  3  and  4, 
recently  issued  on  other  "war  minerals." 
Respectfully  submitted. 

FLETCHER   HAMILTON, 

State  Mineralogist. 
April    !.    1M.IS. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  information  on  the  "war  minerals"  dealt  with  in  this  report  is 
presented  in  accordance  with  the  general  plan  now  being  pursued  by 
this  Bureau,  which  has  resulted  in  the  publication  of  Preliminary 
Report  No.  '•$  on  Manganese  and  Chromium,  the  Revised  Edition  of  the 
same,  and  Preliminary  Report  No.  4,  on  Tungsten.  Molybdenum  and 
Vanadium. 

It  has  been  the  desire  and  aim  in  this  work  to  get  the  information 
into  the  hands  of  those  most  interested  and  likely  to  be  hem-Hied,  us 
quickly  as  possible,  and  in  a  practical  rather  than  scientific  form. 

For  the  benefit  of  the  buyers  or  consumers  of  the  ores,  lists  of 
owners  of  properties  and  the  location  of  the  same  are  herewith 
presented  in  connection  with  each  mineral  dealt  with.  These  lists  have 
been  kept  up  to  date  as  far  as  possible,  but  it  must  be  borne  in  mind 
that  the  activities  in  many  of  the  mineral  industries  have  increased  at 
such  a  rapid  rate,  especially  during  the  last  year  that  new  properties 
are  constantly  being  developed,  so  that  by  the  time  this  report  is  in  the 
hands  of  the  reader,  there  will,  no  doubt,  be  additions  to  these  lists.  It 
will  be  appreciated  if  those  who  have  recently  discovered  or  undertaken 
the  development  of  new  properties,  will  inform  this  Bureau  of  the  fact, 
so  that  a  record  may  be  kept  of  the  same  for  the  benefit  of  all  concerned. 

In  order  to  get  equally  valuable  information  for  the  producers,  an 
endeavor  has  been  made  to  list  all  the  buyers  and  consumers  of  which 
this  office  had  record. 

But  here,  also,  as  in  the  case  of  the  producers,  it  must  be  stated  that 
such  lists  are  constantly  being  added  to,  or  changed.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
that  those  whose  names  do  not  appear,  or  who  have  not  been  consulted 
in  this  regard,  will  inform  this  Bureau  of  the  fact  if  they  are  in  the 
market  for  any  of  the  minerals  dealt  with,  and  the  information  will 
gladly  be  added  to  the  files. 

Freight  Rates. 

Freight  rates  may  be  computed  on  both  the  weight  and  value  of  the 
shipment.  This  would,  of  course,  have  to  be  determined  for  each 
individual  case,  depending  upon  the  character  of  the  ore.  In  general, 
the  open  rate,  where  no  value  is  given  from  California  to  the  Atlantic 
>,ea  board,  is  S4-.1, ^  per  100  pounds  in  40-ton  lots.  The  corresponding 
rate  to  Chicago  or  St.  Louis  is  (>!)<-.  In  most  cases  this  rate  also  holds 
for  ores  valued  under  $50  per  ton.  For  ores  of  higher  value  the  rate- 
is  correspondingly  higher.  This,  of  course,  would  have  to  be  decided 
by  the  local  agent  or  representative  of  the  railroad  over  whose  lines 
the  ore  is  to  be  shipped. 


H  CALIFORNIA    STATE    MINING    BUREAU. 

CHAPTER  1. 
ANTIMONY. 
Foreword. 

The  demand  for  antimony  in  the  United  States  has  been  almost 
entirely  supplied  in  the  past  by  imports,  largely  from  China,  Japan. 
Mexico  and  European  sources,  at  a  price  too  low  for  American  mines  to 
compete. 

The  imports  for  several  years  prior  to  1915  averaged  approximately 
i ;<)<)()  short  tons  of  antimony  metal  and  1500  short  tons  of  antimony  ore. 
In  1917  the  imports  had  increased  to  nearly  18,000  short  tons  of  metal 
and  over  10,000  tons  of  ore,  and  the  domestic  production  had  increased 
to  one-tenth  of  the  total  consumption. 

Deposits  of  this  metal  in  California  have  been  one  of  the  dormant 
mineral  resources  of  the  state.  Occasionally  a  small  production  has 
been  reported ;  none,  however,  appeared  from  1902  to  1915.  With  the 
beginning  of  the  European  war  and  the  need  for  antimony  as  an  alloy 
with  lead  in  the  manufacture  of  bullets,  prices  took  an  upward  turn 
from  a  normal  of  $.07  to  $.08  a  pound  to  $.40  at  the  end  of  1915.  The 
rise  in  price  at  once  renewed  interest  in  known  deposits,  and  stimulated 
the  search  for  and  development  of  new  ones.  The  result  was  the 
reappearance  of  antimony  on  the  list  of  metals  produced  in  the  stare, 
with  an  output  for  the  year  1915  of  510  tons,  valued  at  $35,66(5; 
for  1916,  1015  tons,  valued  at  $64.793;  and  for  1917,  158  tons,  valued 
at  $18,786.  Seven  producers  contributed  to  this  output,  which  \vas 
credited  to  Kern,  Inyo  and  San  Benito  counties. 

With  this  renewed  activity  in  the  field,  it  seems  both  urgent  and 
timely,  in  order  to  fully  co-operate  with  those  interested,  to  place  at 
their  disposal  the  notes  and  data  herein.  An  endeavor  has  been  made 
to  present  this  report  in  a  form  which  it  is  hoped  will  prove  to  be  of 
the  greatest  practical  value,  particularly  to  those  who  have  not  here- 
tofore been  identified  with  the  production  of  antimony. 

Properties,  Ores  and  Tests. 

Native  antimony  (Sb)  is  a  tin  white  metal,  generally  massive,  but 
sometimes  granular,  with  a  distinct  lamellar  structure.  It  is  very 
brittle,  has  a  perfect  basal  cleavage  and  fine  metallic  luster.  Its  hard- 
ness is  3-3.5  and  gravity  6.6  to  6.7.  Before  the  blowpipe  on  charcoal 
it  fuses  easily  and  passes  off  in  white  fumes. 

Masses  of  metallic  antimony  are  sometimes  found  associated  with  its 
sulphide,  stibnite.  It  is  often  found  in  conjunction  with  silver,  iron 
or  arsenic. 


.\\TI.MO\Y,    (il{  AI'll  ITK.     XICKKI..    l'(  I'I'ASI  I ,    STKoNTH'M.    TIN. 

SlHiiiilt  (Slt.,S,  i.  jiiitimoiiy  sulphide.  71.4',  Sh..  L'S.f!',  S..  is  Un- 
common ore  of  ant iimmy.  It  is  lend  gray  1<>  dark  gray  in  color,  with 
dark  gray  streak,  metallic  luster,  perfect  cleavage,  uneven  fracture, 
hardness  '2.0.  gravity  4..~>-4.(>.  It  soinetinies  occurs  massive  or  granu- 
lar, hut  generally  in  long  prismatic  crystals,  often  bent  or  curved  with 
faces  striated  or  furrowed.  Fuses  readily  in  flame  of  candle,  and  be- 
fore the  blowpipe  on  charcoal  is  absorbed,  giving  off  white  fumes  with 
no  distinct  odor,  by  which  property  it  is  most  easily  distinguished. 

Antimony  is  prepared  on  a  large  scale  by  two  methods.     In  one  the 
sulphide  is  roasted  and  the  oxide  thus  formed  is  reduced: 
2  Sb2S:1  +  90,  =  2  Sb,O;!  -f  6  S02 
2  Sb~o".  +  3  C  =  4  Sb  +  3  CO, 

Jn  the  other  method  the  sulphide  is  heated  with  iron. 
Sb,S:.  +  3Ke  ==?  2  Sb  +  3  FeS 

Occurrence. 

Antimony  in  small  amounts  is  a  constituent  of  many  minerals  and 
ores.  Thus  widely  distributed  it  is  of  no  value,  and  often  a  detriment 
to  the  treatment  of  the  ore  for  other  metals. 

Deposits  of  stibnite  form  the  commerical  ore  from  which  antimony  is 
reduced.  Occasionally,  as  in  some  of  the  Kern  County  deposits,  the 
sulphide  is  enriched  by  native  metallic  antimony. 

Stibnite  occurs  in  veins  in  granitic  and  metamorphic  gneisses  and 
schists,  and  is  closely  associated  with  the  common  sulphides  of  lead, 
zinc,  copper  and  iron,  i.e.,  galena,  sphalerite,  chalcopyrite,  pyrite  and 
tetrahedrite.  and  also  with  mercury  and  arsenic.  It  occurs  in  gold- 
bearing  quartz  veins,  and  shows  marked  tendency  to  form  replacements 
in  limestone  and  shale. 

The  decomposition  of  stibnite  near  the  surface  results  in  various 
yellowish  and  white  oxides. 

The  better  known  deposits  of  antimony  ore  are  located  in  Kern, 
Inyo,  Riverside.  San  Benito  and  Santa  Clara  counties.  It  has  been 
found  in  Mariposa.  Merced,  Mono,  Sierra  and  Calaveras  counties  als.». 
A  complete  list  of  the  deposits  within  the  state,  as  far  as  known  to  the 
Bureau,  is  given  under  the  heading  '"Producers." 

Uses. 

Antimony  finds  its  most  important  use  in  the  composition  of  alloys. 
Due  to  its  peculiar  property  of  expanding  when  cooling  from  a  molten 
state,  thus  insuring  sharp,  clean-cut  edges  when  cast,  its  greatest  con- 
sumption in  peace  times  is  in  type  metal.  At  present  large  amounts 
are  used  in  making  bullets,  shrapnel,  etc..  the  antimony  hardening  the 
lead.  Antimony  sulphide  is  used  in  smoke  bombs  and  primers  of  shells 
and  cartridges.  Babbitt  and  other  anti-friction  metals  are  important 


10 

alloys.     Antimony  compounds  are  used  in  tli<-  manufacture  of  color  pig- 
ments and  paints,  and  in  medicine. 

Prices. 

The  antimony  market  is  unsteady  and  prices  paid  for  ore  subject  to 
considerable  fluctuation,  conditions  which  confine  production  to  rela- 
tively high-grade  deposits.  Were  there  no  danger  of  overproduction  and 
lowering  of  prices,  undoubtedly  some  form  of  concentration  applicable 
to  lower-grade  deposits  would  be  introduced.  The  supposition  that 
this  may  become  feasible  at  some  of  the  California  properties,  owing 
to  the  effect  of  the  war  on  the  world's  metal  markets,  does  not  seem 
unreasonable. 

In  1915  from  $1.00  to  $2.10  per  unit  was  paid  for  ore  of  a  minimum 
of  50%  antimony  and  later  lower  grades  were  accepted.  The  prive 
per  unit  often  follows  a  sliding  scale,  increasing  slightly  for  higher- 
grade  ores. 

The  introduction  of  the  term  "Unit"  in  the  buying  of  certain  ores 
has  sometimes  been  confusing.  The  corresponding  value  per  ton  of 
the  ore  may  be  determined  by  considering  that  a  "unit"  represents 
each  1%  of  antimony  in  the  ore.  If  on  analysis  the  ore  shows  a  con- 
tent of  60%  antimony,  and  the  price  quoted  is  $1.50  per  unit,  the 
value  will  be  (60  X  $1.50)  or  $90.00  per  ton.  By  some  the  term 
unit  is  used  to  represent  each  1%  of  a  ton  or  20  Ibs.  Using  the  same 
quotation  and  percentages  as  above,  then  at  $1.50  an  ore  showing  60% 
antimony  would  be  worth  60%  of  $1.50  or  $.90  per  unit  of  20  Ibs., 
equivalent  to  $90.00  per  ton  of  2000  Ibs. 

The  long  ton  (2240  Ibs.)  commonly  used  for  purchasing  ores  for 
import  is  also  used  by  some  buyers  in  the  purchase  of  domestic  ores, 
and  the  prospective  shipper  should  note  whether  quotations  are  based 
on  the  long  ton  (2240  Ibs.)  or  the  short  ton  (2000  Ibs.),  the  latter 
being  much  more  common  in  the  west. 

The  weight  paid  for  by  the  buyer  in  settlement  is  in  practically  all 
cases  the  "dry  weight"  or  "net  weight"  of  ore.  This  is  usually 
determined  by  drying  a  sample  at  212°  F.,  and  using  the  per  cent  of 
weight  lost,  for  computing  the  weight  to  be  deducted  from  the  whole 
shipment,  on  account  of  moisture.  If  the  ore  is  visibly  wet  when 
shipped  this  may  amount  to  considerable,  and  even  though  appearing 
apparently  dry  to  the  ordinary  observer,  some  ores  contain  an  unsus- 
pected amount  of  moisture.  Disappointment  at  returns  from  ship- 
ments may  often  be  traced  to  some  of  these  items. 

Quotation  at  San  Francisco,  July  16,  1918,  45%  metal,  f.  o.  b.  Cali- 
fornia, $1.10  per  unit. 


I.NY,  GKAIMIITK.   MCKKI,.   POTASH,  STKONTH'.M,  TIN. 


11 


Producers. 

There  follows  under  this  heading  an  alphabetical  list  of  the  owners 
or  operators  of  antimony  deposits  in  California.  No  distinction  is 
attempted  between  those  which  are  actively  producing  at  the  present, 
and  those  which  may  be  idle,  nor  between  developed  propertes  and  non- 
developed.  The  endeavor  has  been  to  make  the  list  a  complete  directory 
from  prospect  to  producing  mine,  that  all  available  deposits  of  antimony 
may  become  of  record  and  their  investigation  by  interested  parties 
facilitated. 


Antimony  Deposits. 


Name  and  address  of  owners  or  operators 


Name  and  location  of  property. 


Western  Metals  Co., 

i>2r>  S-curity  Bldg.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. .-. 

Arthur  Asher, 

•22')  S.  Los  Angeles  St.,  Los  Angeles,  Oal 

George  Ramey  and  A.  Carlson, 

Amalie  via  Pitite,  Cal 

Fifty  Associated  Securities  Co., 

I'nion  Oil  Bldg.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal 

W.  A.  Bruton, 

702  ParifiVst.,  Bakersfield,  Cal 

.1.  A.  Durnal, 

Tehachapi.  Cal.  

J.  F.  Fi-nan.  ('.  C.  Passer  et  al., 

Randsburg.  Cal.  

T.  I.ovett  and  G.  M.  Sullivan, 

Randsburg,  Cal 

•  'net  us  Mining  Co., 

Amalie  via  Piute,  Cal 

Mrs.  rh arles  K.  Bennett, 

Ca!r>nte.  Cal.  

oi-.jana  Mining  Co.,  C.  S.  Long, 

Ihiyward,  Cal.  

If.  A.  .Tastro,  Mgr., 

ciir"  K-rn  County  Land  Co.,  Bakorsflekl,  Cal. 
-Julius  Shade, 

Randsburg.  Cal.  

Thomas  Royal  and  G.  Phillips, 

Randsburg,  Cal.  

\v.  McLean, 

Graniteville,  Cal.  

Robert  Johnson, 

firass  Valley,  Cal. 

0.  \\.  Garner, 

Hollister,  Cal.  

Wiley  Garner. 

Hollist-r.  Cal.  

cli-fco  Mining  Co., 

<i'i:.  Iloliart  Bldg.,  San  Francis.-o,  Cnl 

.los"ph  Bishop  Estate, 

llollist"r.  Csil.  ._ 


Wild  Rose  Antimony  Mine,  Ballarat,  Inyo  County. 

Antimony  Cons.  Mines,  Koehn,  Kern  County. 

Antimony  Dyke  Group,  Amalie,  Kern  County. 

Big  Fifty  Mine,  Caliente,  Kern  County. 

Kern  County. 

Durnal- Fickert  Mine,  Kern  County. 

Havilah,  Kern  County. 

Lovett  &  Sullivan  Group,  Garlock,  K"rn  County. 

Mammoth   Eureka  Group,  Amalie,  Kern  Coimty. 

Old  Mill  No.  1  Mine,  Amalie,  Kern  County. 

Tom   Moore   Antimony    Mine.   Vall-y    Vi-w.   K-rti 

County. 
San  Kmijrdio  Mill",  Kern  County. 

Garlock,  Kern  County. 

Tiibasfo  Antimony   Mine,   (iarluck.   K"rn   County. 


Mohawk    Antimony    Mine,   Moore's    Flat.    N»va>la 

County. 
Johnson  Antimony  Mine.  Nevada  County. 

San  Benito  County. 

1. on-  Trr".  S;ui  IV'iiito  County. 

Rip    Van    Winkl"    Mine.     I. mi"    Tr,,\    San     Benito 

<  'omit  y. 
Kip  Van'   Wink!"  Antimony   Mine.   Loiv  Tr.-".   Sun 

l!"nito  County. 


12  CALIFORNIA    STATK    MINING    BUREAT. 

Antimony  Buyers  or  Consumers. 

American  Metal  Co 61  Broadway.  New  York  City 

Antimony  Smelting  &  Refining  Co Seattle,  Wash. 

Ayres,  Bridges  &  Co :><>0  Summer  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Dill-Crosett,  Inc Postal  Telegraph  Bldg.,  San  Francisco 

Fuller,  Ralph  L.,  Co 4  Rector  St.,  New  York  City 

Great  Western  Smelting  &  Refining  Co Chicago,  111. 

Harshaw,  Fuller  &  Goodwin Cleveland,  Ohio 

Hendricks  Bros 49  Cliff  St.,  New  York  City 

Hoyt  &  Co St.  Louis,  Mo. 

International  Smelting  Co East  Chicago,  111. 

Magnolia  Metals  Co Brooklyn,  X.  Y. 

Merchants  Finance  Co Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Merck  &  Co 45  Park  Place,  New  York  City 

Nichols-Layng  Chemical  Co Kirkwood  and  Quint  Sts.,  San  Francisco 

Selby  Smelting  &  Lead  Co Merchants'  Exchange  Bldg.,  San  Francisco 

Wade,  R.  A.  S 206  Byrne  Bldg.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Western  Metals  Co 625  Security  Bldg.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 


LETTERS  FROM  ANTIMONY  CONSUMERS. 

Great  Western  Smelting  &  Refining  Company:  41st  and  Wallace  Sts.  and 
Lowe  Ave.,  Chicago,  111.  Nov.  19,  1917. 

"Replying  to  yours  of  the  13th  inst.,  we  are  pleased  to  advise  you 
as  follows : 

1st.  We  use  antimony  ore  for  the  production  of  antimouial  lea -I, 
also  to  a  small  extent  for  the  production  of  antimonial  metals. 

2d.  We  require  ore  running  low  in  zinc  and  arsenic^  40%  or  better 
in  antimony,  and  do  not  object  to  high  iron  or  lead  content. 

3d.  Purchases  are  made  on  the  basis  of  so  much  per  unit  antimony 
contents  f.  o.  b.  cars  our  plant  Chicago,  weighing  and  sampling  to  be 
done  at  our  plant,  seller  to  be  represented.  Terms  cash  after  agree- 
ment of  assays;  but  in  the  instance  of  responsible  shippers  we  ;ir<> 
prepared  to  make  advances  against  shipment. 

4th.  Quantity  of  ore  we  could  use  depends  largely  upon  price  and 
business  conditions;  but  we  will  say  approximately  100  Ions  per  month." 

Magnolia  Metal  Company:  113-115  Bank  St.,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 
Nov.  22.  1917. 

"1.  We  use  antimony  principally  for  the  manufacture  of  babbitt  and 
other  anti-friction  metals,  type  metals  and  white  metal  alloys  of  all 
kinds  in  connection  with  our  own  business.  We  manufacture  antimony 
regulus  and  antimony  oxide  for  sale  to  the  trade,  and  sulphuret  of 
antimony  which  is  used  for  vulcanized  rubber. 

2.  We  can  use  both  oxide  and  sulphide  of  antimony,  running  from 
20%   upwards  of  antimony  content,  and  with  impurities  up  to  2%, 
listing  as  impurities,  lead  and  arsenic — lead  by  reason  of  its  affinity 
for  antimony,  and  arsenic,  on  account  of  its  deleterious  qualities  should 
he  eliminated,  not  exceeding  \  <>!'  1',    ol'  lead  and    1   of  1',    of  arsenic. 

3.  We  have  no  specific  form  of  contract  with  the  producers. 


ANTIMONY,    <JK AIMIITK.     NICKKI..    I'OTASII,    STKONTITM,    TIN. 

4.  During  the  continuance  of  the  war.  our  demands  will  be  larg«-, 
running  up  into  the  thousands  of  tons  per  annum." 

Western  Metals  Company,  Security  Bldg.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Xov.  14,  1917. 
"The  principal  use  to  which  we  put  the  material  is  in  the  making 
of  antimony  regulus  anil  antimonial  products.  We  buy  all  grades  of 
ore.  provided  they  are  commercially  free  from  lead  and  arsenic.  We 
have  no  specified  form  of  contract,  paying  cash  on  settlement  of  assays 
at  our  plant.  It  is  impassible  to  give  you  the  approximate  amount  of 
ore  we  expect  to  be  in  the  market  for.  It  all  depends  upon  the  price 
and  consumption,  both  of  which  are  extremely  uncertain." 

The  Harshaw,  Fuller  &  Goodwin  Co.:  Cleveland,  Ohio.     Feb.  11,  1918. 

"1.  We  use  antimony  ore  for  the  production  of  antimony  oxide  and 
antimony  salts  of  various  kinds. 

2.  The  process  we  use  requires  an  ore  testing  approximately  70% 
metallic  antimony  contents.  Practically  the  only  ore  complying  with 
this  specification  is  Chinese  ore.  and  which  is  the  material  we  have; 
always  used. 

•J.  We  purchase  the  ore  on  specified  lots  of  one,  two.  three  or  five 
hundred  tons,  for  shipment  at  some  stated  period. 

4.  Under  normal  conditions,  we  use  about  2500  tons  of  ore  per  year. 
At  present  conditions  are  very  difficult  with  us  on  account  of  fuel 
shortage,  freight  embargoes,  etc..  and  our  consumption  has  been  reduced 
during  the  past  few  months. 

We  would  be  glad  to  purchase  a  domestic  ore  if  we  could  get  the 
propei-  quality." 


14  CAUKOKMA    STATK    AIIMXG    lU'RKAI. 

CHAPTER  II. 

GRAPHITE. 
Foreword. 

In  common  with  the  metals,  the  production  of  many  non-metallic 
minerals  has  been  stimulated  either  directly  or  indirectly  by  the  Avar. 
Graphite  may  be  taken  as  a  good  example.  It  is  a  mineral  subsUmcc 
of  vital  importance  because  of  its  use  in  the  manufacture  of  crucibles 
for  handling  molten  metals.  The  producers  of  natural  graphite  in  the 
United  States  have  had  to  compete  with  foreign  imports  coming  prin- 
cipally from  Ceylon  mines,  which  produce  a  high-grade  crystalline 
variety  of  great  purity. 

The  extent  to  which  the  war  industries  have  affected  the  production 
and  use  of  this  substance  may  be  judged  from  the  fact  that  in  1917  both 
the  imports  and  the  domestic  production  were  approximately  double 
the  corresponding  pre-war  figures  of  1914.  In  1917  the  total  domestic 
production,  including  all  grades,  was  8.558  short  tons:  while  the  imports 
were  42,577  short  tons.  In  1914  there  were  4,335  tons  produced  and 
21.990  tons  imported. 

California  has  been  a  small  producer,  the  known  deposits  not  being  of 
sufficient  extent  and  purity  to  compete  with  the  imported  article.  The 
crystals  or  flakes  are  as  a  rule  much  smaller  than  those  found  in  the. 
deposits  of  the  Eastern  States  and  this  grade  does  not  bring  as  high  a 
price  as  the  coarse  flakes.  On  the  other  hand,  the  California  deposits 
carry  a  larger  per  cent  of  graphite,  and  a  smaller  per  cent  of  mica,  the 
most  difficult  of  the  common  impurities  to  remove.  The  increasing  num- 
ber of  iron  and  steel  plants  and  other  manufactures  on  the  Pacific  coast 
which  make  use  of  a  low-grade  material,  and  the  number  of  new  us  is 
that  are  being  found  for  all  varieties,  promise  to  bring  to  light  latent 
opportunities  for  the  profitable  mining  of  California  deposits.  No 
commercial  output  was  reported  for  1915.  Production  for  1916  was 
29,190  pounds,  valued  at  $2,335.  This  was  considerably  increased  in 
1917.  but  owing  to  the  fact  that  there  was  only  one  producer  the  figures 
are  concealed  under  the  unapportioned  list.  The  output  was  both 
cleaned  concentrate  and  crude  ore.  That  the  above  condition  may  not 
be  due  to  lack  of  knowledge  of  consumers'  needs,  nor  of  information  as 
to  possible  home  sources  of  supply,  an  endeavor  has  been  made  to 
present  in  this  report  data  which  it  is  hoped  will  be  of  pertinent  interest 
to  the  producers  of  California  and  to  consumers. 

Properties  and  Occurrence. 

Graphite,  sometimes  called  plumbago  or  black  lead,  is  a  form  of 
carbon.  It  occurs  in  nature  in  two  forms:  a  crystalline  or  flake  variety. 
and  as  amorphous  or  lump  graphite.  Chief  physical  properties  are  its 


ANTIMONY,    (JKAI'HITK.    NICKKI.,    I'oTASII,    STKoNTIIM.    TIN. 

infnsiliilit  v.  chemical  inertness,  extreme  softness.  ;uul  low  specific 
gravity.  It  can  lie  artificially  produced  from  coal.  It  is  a  typical 
constituent  of  metamorphic  rocks  and  as  such  is  widely  distributed 
in  California.  It  is  often  disseminated  through  limestones  in  minute 
Hakes,  and  it  forms  layers  of  more  or  less  prominence  in  many  schists 
and  gneisses.  Deposits  have  been  reported  from  Calaveras,  Fresno, 
Imperial.  Los  Angeles.  Mendocino.  San  licrnardino,  San  Diego,  Siski- 
you,  Sonoma,  and  Tuolumne  counties.  It  is  reported  that  samples  of 
graphitic  schist  recently  taken  from  a  deposit  in  Los  Angeles  County 
showed  from  7..V/;  to  17.5' v  of  graphite.  Sonoma  County  has  fur- 
nished the  main  production  to  date,  although  Los  Angeles  County 
has  been  the  leading  producer  for  the  past  two  years.  Most  deposits 
of  amorphous  graphite  are  believed  to  be  the  result  of  alteration  of 
coal  beds. 

Uses. 

On  account  of  its  infusibility  and  resistance  to  the  action  of  molten 
metals,  graphite  finds  a  large  use  in  the  manufacture  of  crucibles, 
retorts  and  other  refractories.  For  this  purpose  the  coarse  Hake 
varieties  are  alone  suited,  and  this  variety  commands  the  highest  mark  •! 
value.  It  is  largely  used  as  an  ingredient  of  lubricants,  and  this  use 
has  grown  with  the  automobile  industry.  It  has  recently  entered  into 
the  making  of  boiler  compounds  for  the  loosening  of  boiler  scale  and 
has  proved  highly  efficient.  As  a  color  material  and  filler  in  paper  and 
pasteboard  products,  for  paint  making,  lead  pencils,  and  in  many  other 
ways  it  is  used  in  varying  amounts.  It  is  the  most  suitable  material 
for  foundry  facings,  a  low-grade  graphite  only  being  required.  Con- 
siderable amounts  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  electrical  appliances. 

Prices. 

With  a  large  variation  in  grade,  quality  and  purity,  and  a  variety 
of  uses  for  which  some  grades  are  better  suited  than  others,  it  is 
obvious  that  a  price  can  not  be  given.  The  best  quality  crystalline  or 
Hake1  graphite  is  worth  as  high  as  $200  per  ton,  and  exceptional  lots 
have  been  reported  as.  high  as  $700  per  ton.  The  low-grade  amorphous 
or  lump  graphite  is  worth  as  low  as  $10  per  ton.  The  average  price  in 
1017  was  $12. .10  per  ton.  For  some  purposes  a  low-grade  graphite 
is  well  adapted.  As  the  removal  of  silica,  mica  and  other  impurities 
associated  with  low-grade  deposits  add  to  the  production  cost,  it  is 
necessary  for  the  producer  to  find  the  consumer  who  can  utilixe  his 
product  with  the  least  preliminary  treatment.  Tin-  producer  should 
aim  nevertheless  to  market  a  finished  product  ready  for  consumption, 
whether  of  high  or  low  grade.  The  most  profitable  tirade  that  he  can 
produce  must  be  determined  from  the  demands  of  his  market  and  the 
character  of  his  deposit. 


16 


CALIFORNIA    STATE    MINING    Bl'RKAT. 


Graphite   Deposits. 


Name  and  address  of  owners  or  operators 


Name  and  location  of  property. 


Billiard,  C.  H., 

Campo,  Cal.  

Bullard,  Chas.,  and  McCain,  T.  F., 

Seeley,  Cal. — 

California  Graphite  Co.,  G.  A.  Skinner,  Mgr., 

Box  57,  Saugus,  Cal ... 

Campbell,  Geo.  L., 

Seeley,  Cal.  

Franklin,  Geo.  F., 

Porterville,   Cal.   

Leebrick,  J.  H., 

Chula  Vista,  Cal 

McPherson,  L., 

Healdsburg,   Cal.   

Skinner,  A.  T., 

Petaluma,   Cal.   

Stephens,  Frank, 

Julian,  Cal.  

Works,  Jos.  L., 

San  Diego,  Cal 


Bullurd  Graphite  Mine,  Campo. 
Coyote  .Mountains,   Imperial  County. 

California  Graphite  Co.,  San  Francis<niito  Can- 
yon, Los  Angeles  County. 
Coyote  Mountains,  Imperial  County. 

Smuggler  Graphite  Mine,  Kern  County. 
Julian  District,  San  Diego  County. 
McPlierson  Ranch,  Sonoma  County. 
Skinner  Mine,  Sonoma  County. 
Near  San  Felipe,  San  Diego  County. 
S;m  Felipe,  San  Diego  County. 


Graphite  Consumers. 

Acheson  Graphite  Co Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. 

Acme  White  Lead  Works 1 Detroit,  Michigan 

Allen  Crumble  Co 714  Fiftieth  Av.,  Oakland,   Cal. 

Braun-Khecht-Heimann  Co 576  Mission  St.,  San  Francisco 

Crucible  Steel  Co Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Denver  Fire  Clay  Co Denver,  Colo. 

Detroit  Graphite  Co _- Detroit,  Michigan 

Detroit  White  Lead  Works Detroit,  Michigan 

Dill-Crosett.  Inc Postal  Telegraph  Bldg.,  San  Francisco 

Dixon  Crucible  Co Jersey  City,  N.  J. 

Fuller,  W.  P.,  Co . 301  Mission  St.,  San  Francisco 

Hollingshead,  R.  M.,  Co Camden,  N.  J. 

McCulIough-Danzell  Crucible  Co Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Obermeyer,  S.,  Co ", 647  Evans  St.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio 

Peabody  &  Co 17  State  St.,  New  York  City 

Quenelda  Graphite  Co Quenelda,  Alabama 

Sherwin-Williams  Co Cleveland,   Ohio 

United  States  Graphite  Co Saginaw,  Michigan 


>NY,  GRAPHITE.    XK'KKI.,    1'OTASK.    STRONTIUM, 


NICKEL. 
Foreword. 

Nickel  produced  in  the  I'nited  States  is  derived  principally  as  a  by- 
product from  the  clcctrolitic  refining  of  copper.  The  proportion  <,•!' 
nickel  coming  from  domestic  copper  ores  is  undetermined,  hut  small. 
The  hulk  is  produced  in  Canada  and  comes  to  the  I'nited  States  in  the 
form  of  a  rich  copper-nickel  matte,  from  which  the  refined  nickel  is 
produced.  More  than  enough  to  supply  the  needs  of  the  ("nited  States 
is  imported  for  refining,  and  the  halance  is  exported.  Xo  nickel  was 
produced  commercially  in  California  in  1917. 

As  a  result  of  the  war  the  demand  for  this  metal  has  increased,  due 
to  its  use  in  the  manufacture  of  nickel  steel,  alloys  and  small  coins. 

Properties. 

Nickel  is  a  pure  white  metal,  bright  metallic  luster,  hard,  ductile 
and  tenacious.  It  takes  a  brilliant  polish,  and  does  not  tarnish  in 
the  air. 

Ores  and  Occurrences. 

One  of  the  principal  ores  is  the  nickel-bearing  iron  sulphide,  pyrrlio- 
tite.  It  is  also  associated  with  copper  ores  and  occurs  combined  with 
arsenic  or  sulphur  or  with  both.  It  is  a  constituent  of  several  cobalt 
ores.  Obtained  as  a  by-product  in  the  smelting  of  lead  and  copper 
ores. 

I'ljn-lmtilc  (PeTS8).  Iron  sulphide,  called  also  magnetic  pyrites, 
contains  60.5'/r  Fe  and  :W..V;  8.  Often  a  valuable  ore  of  nickel,  con- 
taining from  ^r/(  to  5%  of  this  metal.  Occurs  in  tabular  hexagonal 
prisms,  and  also  massive.  Color,  bronze  yellow  to  copper  red.  Dark 
grayish  black  streak.  Brittle.  Hardness  3.5-4.5.  Gravity  4.5-4.ti. 
Slightly  magnetic.  Tarnishes  easily.  Under  the  blow  pipe  with  borax, 
in  the  outer  flame  is  converted  to  red  oxide  of  iron,  in  inner  flame  Is 
fused  to  magnetic  globule. 

In  the  Friday  mine,  near  Julian.  San  Diego  County,  nickel-bearing 
pyrrhotite  is  associated  with  chalcopyrite.  In  this  county  new  dis- 
coveries have  attracted  much  attention.  Many  new  claims  have  been 
located  and  developments  have  started  in  several  points. 

In  Madera  County,  near  Coarse  Gold,  a  body  of  pyrrhotite  ore  was 
opened  up  said  to  assay  I1',  nickel  and  14',  cobalt. 

This  ore  has  also  been  found  in  Siskiyou  County  in  the  Polar  Bear 
mine  in  the  Callahan  Mining  District. 

M illi  rll i  (NiS).  Nickel  sulphide.  Contains  ti4.4',  nickel  and 
35. (!',  sulphur.  A  valuable  ore  of  nickel.  Brass  yellow  color,  inclined 
to  bronze,  with  often  gray  iridescent  tarnish.  Metallic  luster.  Streak. 
greenish  black.  Brittle.  Generally  occurs  in  needle-like  crystals. 
sometimes  like  wool.  Hardness  3:0  to  3.5.  Gravity  5.6.  Perfect  pris- 
matic cleavage.  In  open  tube  gives  oil'  sulphur  fumes  when  heated. 


18 


CALIFORNIA    STATE    MlNIXCi    HTRKAK. 


The  roasted  mineral  colors  the  borax  bead,  in  the  oxidizing  flame,  violet 
when  hot,  and  reddish  brown  when  cold. 

Found  in  Calaveras  County  in  white  albite  at  Stanislaus  mine. 
Found  in  Humboldt  County  in  serpentine.  Small  coatings  with  cinna- 
bar in  Napa  in  several  localities.  With  arsenopyrite  in  Placer  County, 
near  Cisco.  In  Plumas  County  as  coatings. 

Niccolite  (NiAs).  Arsenical  nickel.  Also  called  "Copper  Nickel'' 
on  account  of  color.  Contains  44%  nickel  and  56%  arsenic.  A  pale 
copper  red  mineral  with  metallic  luster,  streak  pale  brownish  red,  to 
black,  brittle.  Hardness  5.0  to  5.5.  Gravity  7.3  to  7.7.  Occurs 
massive.  When  intensely  heated  gives  off  arsenical  fumes,  and  gives 
reddish  brown  color  to  borax  bead.  Some  of  the  ore  from  the  Friday 
mine  mentioned  above  resembled  nicolite  and  is  reported  to  have 
assayed  23%  nickel. 

Tests. 

Nickel  is  usually  detected  by  the  color  it  imparts  to  the  borax 
bead.  Oxide  of  nickel  dissolves  in  the  borax  bead  and  in  the  oxidizing 
flame  yields  a  violet  color  when  hot,  changing  to  reddish-brown  when 
cold.  Gives  apple  green  solution  when  dissolved  in  nitric  acid  UNO., 
and  when  ammonia  is  added  it  imparts  a  pale  blue  color  to  the  solution. 

Uses. 

The  most  important  use  of  nickel  is  in  the  manufacture  of  nickel 
steel,  and  the  demand  for  it  has  greatly  increased  since  the  war 
started.  It  is  used  for  armor  plate  and  machines  requiring  great 
strength.  Nickel  steel  contains  about  3.5%  nickel. 

For  many  years  nickel  has  been  used  as  one  ingredient  of  small 
coins.  Our  one-cent  piece  contains  about  12%  of  this  metal,  and  the 
five-cent  piece  about  25%.  German  silver  contains  from  15%  to  25% 
nickel. 

It  is  used  in  plating  other  metals,  principally  iron  and  brass,  by 
electrolysis. 

Reflectors  and  refrigerator  linings  are  often  made  of  nickel. 

"Nickeloid"  is  a  nickel-plated  sheet  zinc. 

Prices. 

For  the  past  several  years  the  price  has  remained  very  stable,  the 
average  being  about  50^  per  pound.  The  latest  quotations  at  San 
Francisco  give  55^  per  pound. 

Nickel  Deposits. 


Name  and  address  of  owners  or  operators 

Name  and  location  of  property. 

Friday  Copper  Mining  Co., 
American  National  Bank  Bldg.,  San  Diego.. 
Melrose,  Robt., 
Julian,  Cal. 

Friday  Copper  Mine,  Julian,  San  Diego 

County. 

Sntten,  A.  A.,  Supt., 
Julian,  Cal 

.\\TII\IO\V,  <;K M'ni'i'i:.   NICKKI,.  I-OTASII.  STKONTIUM,  TIN.  1!) 

en  \PTFR  iv. 

POTASH. 

Foreword. 

Publications  of  the  I'mled  Stales  Geological  Survey  have  been  freely 
drawn  on  .for  the  information  presented  herewith  as  regards  the  potash 
industry,  and  the  occurrence  and  uses  of  this  material.  Acknowledg- 
ment is  gladly  made  of  this  fact,  and  the  reader  is  referred  to  that 
bureau  for  more  detailed  data  covering  every  phase  of  this  question. 
Particular  reference  is  made  to  "Potash  in  1916"  by  Hoyt  S.  Gale, 
being  a  portion  (pages  73-171)  of  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United 
States.  1916,  Part  II;  and  to  "Potash  Salts,  1915"  by  W.  C.  Phalen, 
being  a  portion  (pages  95-133)  of  Mineral  Resources  of  the  United 
States,  1915,  Part  II. 

In  1913,  267,970  tons  of  potash  salts  were  imported  into  the  United 
States.  In  1916,  this  figure  had  been  reduced  to  10,628  tons.  The 
demand  increased  to  a  great  extent  during  that  period,  yet  this  country 
actually  marketed  only  approximately  25,000  tons  of  potash  from  all 
sources  in  1916. 

These  facts  need  no  exemplification  in  picturing  the  situation  which 
exists,  as  well  as  emphasizing  the  importance  of  developing  this  branch 
of  the  mineral  industry.  Experimental  work  was  very  active  during 
1915  and  1916.  and  in  many  cases  this  has  grown  into  active  producing 
works.  The  results  are  shown  by  the  production  in  1917  in  California 
alone,  which  was  139,020  tons,  valued  at  $4,102,890. 

Prices. 

Prices  of  German  potash  salts  delivered  in  the  United  States  previous 
to  the  war  ranged  from  $8.85  per  ton  (for  12%  K20 j  to  $38  per  ton  for 
natural,  containing  50%  K20. 

In  1916,  it  is  estimated  that  50%  K.,0  brought  $175  per  ton  at  point 
of  production,  and  actual  sales  have  ranged  up  to  $600  per  ton,  the 
average  falling  under  $400,  however. 

Properties. 

Potassium  (K)  is  the  basis  of  all  potash  salts  or  compounds.  It  is  a 
soft,  silver  white  metal,  so  light  that  it  floats  upon  water,  its  specific 
gravity  being  .86.  It  has  a  brilliant  metallic  luster  which  soon  dis- 
appears in  the  air,  owing  to  rapid  oxidization.  It  is,  therefore, 
usually  seen,  covered  with  a  grayish  coating  and  must  be  kept  under 
oil.  It  decomposes  water  at  ordinary  temperature  very  energetically, 
giving  olV  heat,  and  liberating  hydrogen.  In  combination  with  oxygen 
it  forms  potassium  oxide,  K2O,  known  as  potassa,  but  commonly  called 
"potash."  This  term  was  first  used  because  the  substances  was  origi- 


2Q  CALIFORNIA  STATK  MIXING  Bl'RKAr. 

nally  prepared  by  evaporating  the  solution  of  ashes  in  iron  pots,  hence 
"potash."  The  material  thus  obtained  was  an  impure  potassium  car- 
bonate (K,C03),  a  white  powder  which  absorbs  moisture  from  the  air, 
and  is  very  soluble  in  water,  and  has  a  strong  alkaline  reaction.  The 
term  was  afterwards  used  to  include  "caustic  potash"  (KOI1),  com- 
monly known  as  lye,  which  is  produced  by  treating  potassium  carbonate 
with  lime  (CaO).  It  is  now  commonly  used  as  a  standard  in  speaking 
of  potash  products. 

Potash  salts  are  generally  sold,  however,  as  potassium  sulphate 
(K.,S04).  potassium  chloride  (KC1),  potassium  nitrate  (KNO:!),  and 
potassium  carbonate  (K2C03). 

As  the  metal  potassium  much  resembles  sodium,  hence  its  salts  closely 
resemble  the  salts  of  sodium. 

Potassium  chloride  closely  resembles  common  salt  (NaCl)  in  color, 
taste,  etc. 

Potassium  nitrate  is  also  called  "niter"  or  "salt  peter."  It  is  a 
white  solid,  which  dissolves  readily  in  water.  At  high  temperature  it 
gives  off  oxygen  easily,  and  this  led  to  its  extensive  use  in  explosives, 
matches,  etc. 

Potassium  sulphate  is  used  principally  as  a  fertilizer. 

Occurrence  and  Sources. 

Potash  forms  from  2.65  to  3  per  cent  of  the  earth's  crust.  It  is 
widely  distributed  in  rocks  and  soils,  but  most  of  it  occurs  in  com- 
binations that  are  insoluble  in  water,  and  therefore  not  suitable  for 
agricultural  purposes,  or  for  use  in  other  industries  where  potash  salts 
are  used.  Many  common  minerals,  such  as  the  feldspars,  contain 
potassium  to  the  extent  of  from  10  to  15  per  cent.  By  the  decay  of 
rocks  containing  these  minerals,  potassium  compounds  find  their  way 
into  the  soil,  and  thence  into  vegetation. 

The  principal  sources  from  which  potash  has  been  produced  are  from 
natural  salts  and  brines,  silicate  rocks,  furnace  and  cement-mill 
dust,  kelp,  wood  ashes,  distillery  waste  and  miscellaneous  organic 
sources. 

Alkali  lakes,  principally  in  western  Nebraska,  have  furnished  the 
most  readily  available  supply  and  the  largest  output,  simply  by  drying 
the  raw  material,  which  consists  principally  of  potassium  chloride  and 
potassium  sulphate.  There  is  a  great  supply  at  Searles  Lake.  San 
Bernardino  County,  and  a  less  important  one  at  Owens  Lake.  Inyo 
County,  where  operations  are  in  progress. 

Much  feldspar  has  been  mined  and  so  treated  that  some  of  its  potash 
is  rendered  soluble  and  available  for  fertilizer.  However,  the  low- 
grade  material  and  the  expense  leaves  the  future  possibility  of  using 
this  source  of  supply  to  further  experiment. 


ANTIMONY,    CKAIMIITK.    MCKKI..    I'OTASH.    STKONTM'.M,    TIN.  21 

(in-ill  progress  lias  been  made  in  the  last  few  years  in  the  extract  ion 
of  potash  from  kelp,  a  sea  weed  which  grows  in  large  beds  on  the  bottom 
of  the  ocean  along  the  coast,  in  certain  rocky  places.  In  the  southern 
part  of  the  state,  around  Los  Angeles  and  San  Diego,  many  large 
companies  have  been  organized  representing  large  investment  of  capital, 
which  will  undoubtedly  add  to  the  domestic  supply  of  potash. 

The  raw  or  wet  kelp  yields  about  10%  dry  material,  and  this  latt.-r 
contains  in  the  neighborhood  of  Vl'/(  potash  (K.,0). 

KOI-  fertilizer  the  kelp  is  simply  dried  and  ground  t<»  a  powder,  or 
burned  to  obtain  the  ash.  but  to  obtain  the  refined  salts  the  process  is 
much  more  complicated. 

It  is  estimated  that  there  are  225  square  miles  of  commercially 
valuable  beds  of  kelp  along  the  coasts  of  southern  California.  At 
Riverside.  Victorville,  and  Santa  Cruz,  the  recovery  of  potash  as  a  by- 
product from  the  manufacture  of  cement  has  become  a  reality. 

Potassium  sulphate  is  obtained  from  the  mineral  alunite,  principally 
at  Marysvale.  Hah.  It  has  been  reported  near  Lessen  Peak,  California. 

Potassium  nitrate  or  saltpeter  is  some  times  found  native,  and  these 
deposits  are  quite  distinct  from  other  occurrences  of  potash. 

Tests. 

The  following  tests,  used  by  the  Tinted  States  Geological  Survey, 
are  comparatively  simple,  and  have  given  good  results.  A  volatile 
potassium  compound  when  heated  in  the  flame  gives  a  characteristic 
violet  color.  Though  usually  somewhat  veiled  by  sodium  and  calcium, 
the  potassium  Hame  is  much  more  intense,  and  may  be  more  easily 
distinguished  if  viewed  through  a  Alerwin  color  screen. 

The  equipment    necessary  consists  of: 

1.  Ordinary  alcohol  lamp  with  asbestos  wick,  or  a  gasoline  or  alcohol 
blast  lamp.     The  latter  gives  better  results. 

2.  Platinum  wire.  4  inches  long,  one  end  sealed  into  a  glass  rod  and 
tin1  other  end  bent  into  a  small  loaf. 

:}.  Merwin  color  screen,  which  may  be  obtained  from  G.  M.  Flint, 
S4  Wendell  St..  Cambridge.  Mass..  for  25f 

4.   Small   glass  beaker. 

.").   Hydrochloric  acid  i  1 1  CD. 

(i.   Gypsum  or  calcium  sulphate. 

To  test  waters  and  brines: 

Clean  the  loop  of  platinum  wire  by  dipping  in  the  hydrochloric  acid. 
and  holding  in  the  flame  until  no  color  is  visible.  With  the  clean 
platinum  loop  remove  a  drop  of  the  solution  to  be  tested,  and  carefully 


22  CAUKOKX1A    STA'I'K     .MIXING    Bl'KKAr. 

evaporate  to  dryness  by  holding  over  the  flame.  Finally,  hold  it  in  the 
flame  and  observe  the  color  through  the  Merwin  screen.  Use  a  black 
background  if  possible,  and  hold  the  screen  close  to  the  eyes.  If  potas- 
sium is  present  the  Hame  will  appear  reddish  violet,  and  the  intensity 
and  duration  of  the  color  will  give  an  idea  of  the  amount  of  potassium 
in  the  sample. 

To  test  soluble  salts: 

In  testing  soluble  salts  in  general,  as  well  as  soluble  potassium  com- 
pounds in  muds,  clays,  ashes,  etc.,  dissolve  a  small  portion  of  the  sample 
in  a  small  quantity  of  water,  allow  to  settle  and  proceed  with  a  drop 
of  the  clear  solution  as  described  above. 

The  water  in  which  the  substances  are  dissolved  should  be  previously 
tested  for  potassium. 

To  test  organic  substances: 

The  substance  is  burned  at  as  low  a  temperature  as  possible  until 
only  the  ash  remains.  The  ash  is  then  tested  according  to  the  method 
for  soluble  salts. 

To  test  silicate  rocks  and  minerals: 

Silicate  rocks  and  minerals  such  as  feldspar,  granite,  rhyolite,  lencite, 
etc.,  are  first  powdered  finely  and  mixed  with  an  equal  quantity  of  pure 
gypsum.  Then  moisten  the  mixture  with  diluted  hydrochloric  acid, 
and  test  with  the  platinum  wire. 

Uses. 

Potash  is  principally  used  in  this  country  as  a  fertilizer.  For  certain 
crops  its  application  is  now  regarded  as  essential.  It  is  one  of  the  few 
elements  that  is  likely  to  become  deficient  in  cultivated  soils. 

It  is  essential  in  the  manufacture  of  high-grade  soaps,  liquid  and 
soft.  It  is  vised  in  shaving  soaps  and  shampoo  preparations. 

Potash  enters  into  the  manufacture  of  nearly  all  explosives,  fireworks, 
etc.,  as  saltpeter  (potassium  nitrate).  Ordinary  black  powder  is  com- 
posed of  75  per  cent  of  saltpeter. 

In  the  manufacture  of  non-poisonous  matches  chlorate  of  potash  is 
extensively  used. 

llydrated  potassium  carbonate  is  used  in  glass  manufacture. 

In  tanning,  dyeing,  metallurgy,  electroplating,  photography,  medici- 
nal and  chemical  uses,  potash  is  necessary. 


ANT1.MONY,    CK  AIMIITK.     XICKKI,.    1'OTASII,    STKONTII    M .    TIN. 

Potash  Producers. 


Name  iinil  location  of  property. 


I-' 1-01,1    Hiif/nr    U<  l'in<  rics — 
Western  Industries  Co., 
MM  Suiter  St..  San  Francisco 

l-'f<iiii    Ciniriit    Mills — 
Santa   Ci-nx   Portland  (Vincnt   Co.. 

Crocker  Bldg..  San  Francisco 

Kivcrside  Portland  Cement  Co., 

( 'rosmore,  Cal.  

Southwestern  Portland  Cement  Co., 

Victorville,  Cal.  


•Yum    \ttturttl    Saline    Drpnsits 
American  Trona  Corporation, 

Trona,  Cal __ 

Inyo  Development  Co., 

Keeler,   Cal. 
Natural  Soda  Products  Co., 

Keeler,   Cal.   

Pacific  Coast  Borax  Co., 

Searles   Lake.   Cal 
Oliver  Salt  Co., 

208  Market  St.,  San  Francisco 
Whitney  Chemical  Co., 

:>I4  Market  St.,  San  Francisco 


nnii    Kelp— 

V.  S    Pejit.  of  Agriculture, 

Sinumerlaiid.  Cal.  

T.orned  Manufacturing  Co., 

Summerland.  Cal. 
Itiamond  Matcli  Co.. 

Wilmington,  Cal.   

Sea   Products  Co., 

I. on-  Beach.  Cal 

Hercules  Powder  Co., 

Chula  Vista,  Cal. 
Swift  &  Co., 

Foot  of  F  St.,  San  Diego,  Cal._._ 
Kelp  Products  Co., 

Point  Lorna,  Cal 

National  Kelp  Potash  Co., 

Long  Beach,  Cal 

Pacific  Products  Co.  of  California, 

Long  Beach.  Cal 

San  Diego  Kelp  Ash  Co., 

San   Diego.   Cal 


Western  <;tiiin   ,V   Sugar  Products  Co.,  Agnews. 


Davenport. 


(Refinery  at  San  Pedro.) 


Alarncda. 

Leslie  Salt  Works,  San  Mateo. 


Potash  Buyers. 

<'lirnnral    Plitnts. 

•  iastoii.  Williams  .V  Wigmore.  Inc 35-39  Broadway,  New  York  City.  N.  V. 

General  Chemical  Co New  York  City.  N.  Y. 

<;rasselli  Chemical  Co Cleveland,  Ohio 

Klipstein  &  Co 6.14  Greenwich  St.,  New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Mineral  Products  Co Marysvale,  Utah 

Pennsylvania  Chemical  Works Philadelphia,  Utah 

Koessler  &  Hasslacher New  York  City,  N.  Y. 

Virginia  Caroline  Chemical  Co Richmond,  Va. 

Explosives. 
Hercules  Powder  Co Chula  Vista,  Cal. 


24  C.U.IKOKXIA    STATK    MIX1XG    BUREAU. 

Fertiliser. 

American  Agricultural  Chemical  Co New  York  City,  X.  Y. 

Armour  Fertilizer  Works Chicago,  111.:  also  119  Central  Ave.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Cudahy  Packing  Co 111  W.  Monroe  St.,  Chicago,  111. 

International  Agricultural  Corporation New  York  City,  X.  Y. 

MeMains,  A.  H 24  California  -St.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Pacific  Guano  &  Fertilizer  Co Berkeley,  Cal. 

Potash  Products  Co Omaha,  Neb. 

Sea  Products  Co Long  Beach,  Cal. 

Swift  &  Co San  Diego,  Cal. 

Utah  Potash  Co Richfield,  Utah 

Western  Industries  Co 110  Suttcr  St.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

FISH  AND  GAME  LAW  RELATIVE  TO  KELP. 

SECTION  1.  All  kelp  and  other  aquatic  plants  in  the  waters  of  the 
state  are  hereby  declared  to  be  the  property  of  the  state  of  California. 

SEC.  2.  The  board  of  fish  and  game  commissioners  of  the  state  <>f 
California  are  hereby  empowered  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this 
act,  and  to  make  proper  rules  and  regulations  for  the  taking  and 
harvesting  of  kelp,  and  the  conservation  of  kelp  and  aquatic  plants, 
and  to  see  that  the  laws,  rules  and  regulations  with  reference  thereto 
are  strictly  enforced,  and  to  issue  all  licenses  herein  provided  for,  and 
collect  the  fees  therefor,  and  to  collect  all  moneys  due  or  to  become  due 
under  this  act. 

SEC.  3.  Every  person,  firm  or  corporation,  desiring  to  engage  in 
taking  or  harvesting  kelp  or  other  aquatic  plants  for  profit  in  the 
waters  of  this  state  must  first  obtain  a  license  before  engaging  in  such 
occupation. 

SEC.  4.  Licenses  granting  the  privilege  to  take  or  harvest  kelp  in 
this  state  shall  be  issued  and  delivered  upon  application  by  the  state 
board  of  fish  and  game  commissioners,  who  shall  prepare  suitable 
licenses,  wrhich  shall  license  the  holder  of  such  license  to  take  or  harvest 
kelp  or  other  aquatic  plants  in  this  state  for  the  term  of  one  year  from 
the  date  of  the  issuance  of  such  license.  All  licenses  shall  be  numbered 
consecutively,  and  shall  contain  blanks  for  the  name  of  the  licensee, 
and  place  of  business,  which  information  shall  be  furnished  by  the 
applicant  to  the  board  of  fish  and  game  commissioners.  The  license 
herein  provided  for  shall  be  issued  to  such  applicant  upon  payment  of 
$10.  and  before  such  license  is  delivered  to  the  applicant  said  license 
must  be  countersigned  by  the  president  of  the  board  of  fish  and  game 
commissioners,  and  in  addition  to  such  license  fee  every  person,  firm 
or  corporation  taking  or  harvesting  kelp  shall  pay  a  privilege  tax  of 
14  cents  per  ton  of  wet  kelp  taken  or  harvested. 

SEC.  5.  Every  person,  firm  or  corporation  engaged  in  taking  or 
harvesting  kelp  in  the  waters  of  this  state  shall  cause  to  be  weighed  all 
wet  kelp  immediately  after  said  kelp  shall  be  delivered  to  the  place  of 
business  designated  in  said  license,  and  the  weight  thereof  shall  be 


ANTIMONY,  <;KAPIIITK.   \ICKI;L,   POTASH.  STKONTH.M,  TIN.  '2~* 

entered  in  a  hook,  or  hooks,  to  he  kept  hy  said  person,  firm  or  corpo- 
ration, said  hook  or  hooks  to  he  open  at  all  times  to  the  inspect  ion  of 
the  hoard  of  fish  and  game  commissioners,  or  any  of  its  deputies;  every 
person,  firm  or  corporation  engaged  in  taking  or  harvesting  kelp  shall, 
on  or  hefore  the  tenth  day  after  the  last  day  <>f  each  month  during  the 
term  of  said  license,  render  a  statement  of  the  weight  of  all  \vet  kelp 
cut  or  harvested  during  the  preceding  month,  and  pay  to  the  hour  1  of 
Jisli  and  game  commissioners  the  privilege  tax  herein  provided  for. 

SKC.  (>.  If  at  any  time  the  taking  or  harvesting  of  kelp  will  tend  t.t 
destroy  or  impair  any  kelp  bed  or  beds  or  parts  thereof,  or  shall  tend 
to  impair  or  destroy  the  supply  of  any  food  for  game  fish,  said  Fish 
and  Game  Commission  shall  cause  to  be  served  on  every  person,  firm 
or  corporation,  licensed  to  take  or  harvest  kelp  in  the  waters  of  this 
state,  a  notice  in  \vriting  that  said  kelp  bed  or  beds  or  parts  thereof 
shall  be  closed  to  the  taking  or  harvesting  of  kelp  for  a  period  not  10 
exceed  one  year.  Within  ten  days  after  the  service  upon  any  person, 
firm  01-  corporation  licensed  to  take  or  harvest  kelp  under  the  provisions 
of  this  act.  of  a  notice  that  any  kelp  bed  or  beds  or  parts  thereof  are 
closed  to  the  taking  or  harvesting  of  kelp,  said  person,  firm  or  corpo- 
ration may  demand  a  hearing  upon  the  necessity  for  making  such 
order,  by  serving  on  the  board  of  fish  and  game  commissioners  a 
demand  to  he  heard  upon  the  necessity  for  closing  said  kelp  bed  or 
beds  or  parts  thereof  for  the  taking  or  harvesting  of  kelp,  and  n»-n 
such  demand  for  a  hearing,  said  board  of  fish  and  game  commissioners 
shall  fix  a  time  and  place  for  the  taking  of  evidence  upon  the  necessity 
of  closing  said  bed  or  beds  or  parts  thereof,  which  time  shall  be  not 
less  than  ten  days  nor  more  than  thirty  days  from  the  date  of  such 
demand  for  a  hearing,  and  said  Fish  and  Game  Commission  shall  cause 
notices  in  writing  of  said  time  and  place  to  be  served  upon  the  party 
01-  parties  making  a  demand  for  said  hearing  at  least  ten  days  before 
the  day  set  for  the  hearing,  and  if  no  demand  is  made  for  a  hearing 
within  the  time  prescribed  herein,  said  kelp  bed  or  beds  or  parts 
thereof  shall  remain  closed  to  the  taking  or  harvesting  of  kelp  for  the 
time  mentioned  in  said  order. 

Complaint  may  he  made  by  the  commission  or  any  of  its  deputies 
against  any  person,  firm  or  corporation  licensed  to  cut  or  harvest  kelp 
in  the  waters  of  this  state  for  any  violation  of  the  laws  of  this  state,  or 
any  rules  or  regulations  made  hy  the  board  of  fish  and  game  commis- 
sioners for  the  taking  or  harvesting  of  kelp.  Said  complaints  shall  he 
made  in  writing,  setting  forth  the  particular  offense  charged  to  have 
been  committed  by  said  pel-son,  firm  or  corporation,  a  copy  of  which 
shall  be  filed  with  the  hoard  of  fish  and  irame  commissioners  and  a  copy 
of  the  same  served  upon  the  person,  firm  or  corporation  so  charged. 


26  CALIFORNIA    STATK    MIKING    BUREAU. 

Said  person,  firm  or  corporation  must  appear  or  file  an  answer  within 
five  days  from  the  date  of  service  of  a  copy  of  said  complaint,  and  if 
default  be  made7  the  board  of  fish  and  game  commissioners  shall  issue 
an  order  revoking  said  license  for  the  period  hereinafter  prescribed  in 
this  act.  and  said  board  of  fish  and  game  commissioners  shall  fix  a  time 
and  place  for  the  hearing  of  said  charges,  not  less  than  ten  days  nor 
more  than  thirty  days  from  the  filing  of  said  charges,  and  if  the  party 
accused  appears  and  answers,  a  day  may  be  fixed  within  the  time 
prescribed  in  this  act  to  take  testimony.  The  evidence  in  any  investi- 
gation, inquiry  or  hearing  upon  the  necessity  for  closing  any  kelp  bed 
or  beds  or  parts  thereof  and  the  evidence  in  any  hearing  upon  any 
charges  made  against  any  person,  firm  or  corporation  for  violating  any 
of  the  laws  of  the  state  of  California  for  the  preservation  of  kelp,  or  of 
the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  board  of  fish  and  game  commissioners 
regulating  the  taking  and  harvesting  and  handling  of  kelp  provided 
for  in  this  section  may  be  taken  by  any  member  of  the  board  of  fish 
and  game  commissioners,  or  such  deputy  fish  and  game  commissioner 
or  employee  as  the  board  may  designate  to  take  such  evidence ;  and  each 
member  of  the  board  and  any  of  its  deputies  or  employees  designated 
to  take  evidence  at  the  hearing  provided  hereby  shall  have  the  power 
to  administer  oaths,  take  affidavits  and  issue  subpoenas  for  the  attend- 
ance of  witnesses  at  such  hearing.  Each  witness  legally  subpoenaed 
attending  a  hearing  shall  receive  for  his  attendance  the  same  fees  and 
mileage  allowed  by  law  to  a  witness  in  civil  cases,  which  amount  shall 
be  paid  by  the  party  at  whose  request  such  witness  is  subpoenaed.  The 
superior  court  in  and  for  the  county  or  city  and  county  in  which  any 
inquiry,  investigation,  hearing  or  proceeding  may  be  held  under 
authority  of  this  section,  shall  have  power  to  compel  the  attendance  of 
Avitnesses:  the  giving  of  testimony  and  the  production  of  papers,  as 
required  by  any  subpoena  issued  under  authority  of  this  section. 

The  commission  or  representative  of  the  commission  before  whom  the 
testimony  is  to  be  given  or  produced  may  in  the  case  of  refusal  of  any 
witness  to  attend,  or  testify,  or  produce  any  papers  required  by  such 
subpo?na,  report  to  the  superior  court  in  and  for  the  county  or  city  and 
county  in  which  the  proceeding  is  pending  by  petition  setting  forth 
that  due  notice  has  been  given  of  the  time  and  place  of  the  attendance 
of  said  witness  or  the  production  of  said  papers  and  that  the  witness 
has  been  summoned  in  the  manner  prescribed  in  this  act.  and  that 
the  witness  has  failed  and  refused  to  attend  or  produce  the  papers 
required  by  the  subpoena  before  the  commission  or  its  representatives, 
in  the  case  of  proceeding  named  in  the  notice  of  time  and  place  of 
hearing  and  subpoena,  or  has  refused  to  answer  questions  propounded 
to  him  in  the  course  of  said  proceeding,  and  ask  an  order  of  said  court 


1t>  compel  the  witness  to  iillt'iitl  ;iiid  testify  or  produce  s;iitl  papers 
before  tlie  coniniissioii  or  its  representatives. 

The  court,  upon  the  petit  ion  of  the  commission  or  its  representatives, 
shall  enter  an  order  directing  the  witness  to  appear  before  the  court 
at  any  time  and  place  to  be  fixed  by  the  court  in  such  order,  the  time 
to  be  not  more  than  ten  days  from  the  date  of  the  order,  and  then  and 
there  show  cause  why  he  has  not  attended  and  testified  or  produced 
said  papers  before  the  commission  or  its  representatives.  A  copy  of 
said  order  shall  be  served  upon  said  witness.  If  it  shall  appear  to  the 
court  that  said  subpo?na  was  regularly  issued  by  the  commission  or  its 
representative  the  court  shall  thereupon  enter  an  order  that  said 
witness  shall  appear  before  the  commission  or  its  representatives  at  the 
time  and  place  entered  in  said  order,  and  testify  or  produce  the  required 
papers,  and  upon  failure  to  obey  said  order  said  witness  shall  be  dealt 
with  as  for  contempt  of  court. 

The  commission  or  its  representatives,  or  any  party  designated  by 
the  Fish  and  Game  Commission,  may,  in  any  investigation  or  hearing 
before  the  commission,  or  its  representatives,  cause  the  deposition  of 
witnesses,  residing  within  or  without  the  state,  to  be  taken  in  the 
manner  prescribed  by  law  for  like  depositions  in  civil  actions  in  the 
superior  courts  of  this  state,  and  to  that  end  may  compel  the  attendance 
of  witnesses  and  the  production  of  documents  and  papers. 

SEC.  7.  If  any  person,  firm  or  corporation,  taking  or  harvesting 
kelp  from  any  bed  or  beds  or  parts  thereof,  after  service  of  a  notice 
that  said  bed  or  beds  or  parts  thereof  are  closed  to  the  taking  or 
harvesting  of  kelp,  takes  or  harvests  any  kelp  between  the  time  of  the 
service  of  said  notice  and  the  decision  of  the  board  of  fish  and  game 
commissioners  upon  the  hearing  for  the  necessity  for  closing  said  kelp 
lied  or  beds  or  parts  thereof,  his  license  may  be  revoked  for  a  period 
not  to  exceed  one  year. 

SKC.  8.  If  any  person,  firm  or  corporation,  licensed  to  take  or  harvest 
kelp  in  the  waters  of  this  state,  shall  violate  any  of  the  laws  of  the  state 
of  California  regulating  the  taking  and  harvesting  of  kelp,  or  any  rule 
or  regulation  of  the  board  of  fish  and  game  commissioners  regarding 
the  taking  or  harvesting  of  kelp,  said  board  of  fish  and  game  commis- 
sioners may,  after  a  hearing,  as  provided  herein,  revoke  said  license 
and  withhold  the  issuance  of  a  new  license  to  any  such  person,  firm  or 
corporation  for  a  period  not  to  exceed  one  year  thereafter. 

SEC.  9.  Every  person,  firm  or  corporation  who  takes  or  harvests 
kelp  or  other  aquatic  plants  for  profit  in  this  state  without  first  obtain- 
ing a  license  therefor,  is  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  upon  conviction 
shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  not  loss  than  $50  nor  more  than  $500,  or 
by  imprisonment  in  the  county  jail,  in  the  county  in  which  conviction 


28  CALIFORNIA    STATK     .\IIM.\<;     BIKKAI   . 

shrill  be  had  for  not  less  than  fifty  days  nor  more  Ihan  one  hundred 
and  fifty  days,  or  by  both  such  fine  and  iinprisonnient. 

All  fines  and  forfeitures  collected  for  any  violation  of  this  act  and 
all  license  fees  and  two-thirds  of  the  moneys  collected  from  the  privilege 
tax  under  this  act  must  be  paid  into  the  state  treasury  to  the  credit  of 
the  fish  and  game  preservation  fund,  and  one-third  of  the  moneys  col- 
lected from  the  privilege  tax  under  this  act  must  be  paid  into  the  state 
treasury  to  the  credit  of  the  "state  university  fund."  The  amount  so 
paid  to  the  "state  university  fund"  in  accordance  with  the  direction 
of  this  section  is  hereby  appropriated  to  be  expended  annually  in 
accordance  with  law  by  the  Scripps  Institute  for  Biological  Research. 

SEC.  10.  The  Fish  and  Game  Commission  of  this  state  shall  have 
the  power,  subject  to  such  rules  and  regulations  as  it  may  deem  proper, 
to  grant  permits  to  any  department  of  the  United  States  government 
or  to  any  scientific  or  any  educational  institution  to  take  or  harvest 
kelp  at  any  and  all  times  for  scientific  or  experimental  purposes  without 
the  payment  of  the  kelp  license  or  privilege  tax  herein  provided. 

SEC.  11.  All  acts  and  parts  of  acts  in  conflict  herewith  are  hereby 
repealed.  (Enacted  1917.) 

POTASH  EXPLORATION. 

(S.  B.  No.  2156.) 

An  act  to  authorize  exploration  for  and  disposition  of  potassium. 
[Approved  by  the  President,  October  2,  1917.] 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives  of  the  r  nit«l 
States  of  Ameriea  in  congress  assembled,  That  the  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  is  hereby  authorized  and  directed,  under  such  rules  and  regu- 
lations as  he  may  prescribe,  to  issue  to  any  applicant  who  is  a  citizen  of 
tin1  United  States,  an  association  of  such  citizens,  or  a  corporation- 
organized  under  the  laws  of  any  state  or  territory  thereof,  a  prospecting 
permit  which  shall  give  the  exclusive  right,  for  a  period  not  exceeding 
two  years,  to  prospect  for  chlorides,  sulphates,  carbonates,  borates. 
silicates,  or  nitrates  of  potassium  on  public  lands  of  the  United  States, 
except  lands  in  and  adjacent  to  Searles  Lake,  which  would  be  described 
if  surveyed  as  townships  twenty-four,  twenty-five,  twenty-six,  and 
twenty-seven  south  of  ranges  forty-two,  forty-three,  and  forty-four 
east,  Mount  Diablo  meridian,  California :  Provided,  That  the  area  to 
be  included  in  such  permit  shall  not  exceed  two  thousand  five  hundred 
and  sixty  acres  of  land  in  reasonably  compact  form. 

SEC.  2.  That  upon  showing  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Interior  that  valuable  deposits  of  one  or  more  of  the  substancv'S 
enumerated  in  section  one  hereof  have  been  discovered  by  the  permittee 
within  the  area  covered  by  his  permit,  the  permittee  shall  be  entitled  to 


s'Y,  QBAPHTTE,    XK'KKI..    POTASH,   sTKo.vnr  M.   TIN'.  39 

a  patent  for  not  to  exceed  one-fourth  of  the  bind  embraced  in  the  pros- 
pecting permit,  to  he  taken  in  i-oinpiict  form  ;ind  dcscrihed  liy  legal 
snhdivisions  of  the  public-land  surveys,  or  if  the  land  be  not  surveyed, 
then  in  tracts  which  shall  not  exceed  two  miles  in  length,  by  survey 
executed  at  the  cost  of  the  permittee,  in  accordance  with  rules  and 
regulations  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  All  other 
lands  described  and  embraced  in  such  a  prospecting  permit  from  and 
after  the  exercise  of  the  right  to  patent  accorded  to  the  discoverer,  and 
not  covered  by  leases,  may  be  leased  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
through  advertisement,  competitive  bidding,  or  such  other  methods  as 
he  may  by  general  regulat ions  adopt,  and  in  such  areas  as  he  shall  fix. 
not  exceeding  two  thousand  five  hundred  and  sixty  acres,  all  leases  '.o 
be  conditioned  upon  the  payment  by  the  lessee  of  such  royalty  as  may 
be  specified  in  the  lease  and  which  shall  be  fixed  by  the  Secretary  .>!' 
the  Interior  in  advance  of  offering  the  same,  and  which  shall  not  be  less 
than  two  per  centum  on  the  gross  value  of  the  output  at  the  point  of 
shipment,  which  royalty,  on  demand  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
shall  be  paid  in  the  product  of  such  lease,  and  the  payment  in  advan  ••• 
of  a  rental,  which  shall  be  not  less  than  25  cents  per  acre  for  the  first 
year  thereafter;  not  less  than  50  cents  per  acre  for  the  second,  third, 
fourth,  and  fifth  years,  respectively;  and  not  less  than  $1  per  acre  for 
each  and  every  year  thereafter  during  the  continuance  of  the  lease, 
except  that  such  rental  for  any  year  shall  be  credited  against  the  royal- 
ties as  they  accrue  for  that  year.  Leases  shall  be  for  indeterminate 
periods,  upon  condition  that  at  the  end  of  each  twenty-year  period 
succeeding  the  date  of  any  lease  such  readjustment  of  terms  and  con- 
ditions may  be  made  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  may  determine, 
unless  otherwise  provided  by  law  at  the  time  of  the  expiration  of  such 
periods,  anil  a  patentee  under  this  section  may  also  be  a  lessee:  /'/•'/- 
ri<l«l,  That  the  potash  deposits  in  the  public  lands  in  and  adjacent 
to  Searles  Lake  in  what  would  be  if  surveyed  townships  twenty-four, 
twenty-five,  twenty-six,  and  twenty-seven  south  of  ranges  forty-two. 
forty-three,  and  forty-four  east.  Mount  Diablo  meridian.  California, 
may  be  operated  by  the  Tnited  States  or  may  be  leased  by  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  under  the  terms  and  provisions  of  this  act:  Prnri<l«l 
fnrlli(r,  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  may  issue  leases  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act  for  deposits  of  potash  in  public  lands  in  Sweet- 
water  County.  Wyoming,  also  containing  deposits  of  coal,  on  condition 
that  the  coal  he  reserved  to  the  Tinted  States. 

SKC.  :i.  That  in  addition  to  areas  of  such  mineral  land  to  be  included 
in  prospecting  permits  or  leases  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  in  his 
discretion,  may  issue  to  a  permittee  or  lessee  under  this  act  the  exclusive 
right  to  use.  ihii'iuir  the  life  of  the  permit  or  lease,  a  tract  of  unoccupied 


30  CALIFORNIA    STATK     MlMMi     RCKKAr. 

nonmineral  public  land  not  exceeding  forty  acres  in  ?uva  I'm-  <-;iini>  sites. 
refining  works,  and  other  purposes  connected  with  and  necessary  to 
the  proper  development  and  use  of  the  deposits  covered  by  the  permit 
or  lease. 

SEC.  4.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall  reserve  the  authority 
and  shall  insert  in  any  preliminary  permit  issued  under  section  one 
hereof  appropriate  provisions  for  its  cancellation  by  him  upon  failure 
by  the  permittee  or  licensee  to  exercise  due  diligence  in  the  prosecution 
of  the  prospecting  work  in  accordance  with  the  terms  and  conditions 
stated  in  the  permit. 

SEC.  5.  That  no  person  shall  take  or  hold  any  interest  or  interests 
as  a  member  of  an  association  or  associations  or  as  a  stockholder  of  a 
corporation  or  corporations  holding  a  lease  under  the  provisions  hereof, 
which,  together  with  the  area  embraced  in  any  direct  holding  of  a  lease 
under  this  act,  or  which,  together  with  any  other  interest  or  interests 
as  a  member  of  an  association  or  associations  or  as  a  stockholder  of  a 
corporation  or  corporations  holding  a  lease  under  the  provisions  hereof, 
or  otherwise,  exceeds  in  the  aggregate  in  any  area  fifty  miles  square  an 
amount  equivalent  to  the  maximum  number  of  acres  allowed  to  any 
one  lessee  under  this  act;  that  no  person,  association,  or  corporation 
holding  a  lease  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  hold  more  than  a 
tenth  interest,  direct  or  indirect,  in  any  other  agency,  corporate  or 
otherwise,  engaged  in  the  sale  or  resale  of  the  products  obtained  from 
such  lease,  and  any  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  section  shall  bo 
ground  for  the  forfeiture  of  the  lease  or  interest  so  held;  and  the 
interests  held  in  violation  of  this  provision  shall  be  forfeited  to  the 
United  States  by  appropriate  proceedings  instituted  by  the  Attorney 
General  for  that  purpose  in  the  United  States  district  court  for  the 
district  in  which  the  property  or  some  part  thereof  is  located,  except 
that  any  such  ownership  or  interest  hereby  forbidden  which  may  be 
acquired  by  descent,  will,  judgment,  or  decree  may  be  held  for  two 
years,  and  not  longer  after  its  acquisition. 

SEC.  6.  That  any  permit,  lease,  occupation,  or  use  permitted  under 
this  act  shall  reserve  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  the  right  to  permit 
for  joint  or  several  use  such  easements  or  rights  of  way,  upon,  through, 
or  in  the  lands  leased,  occupied,  or  used  as  may  be  necessary  or  appro- 
priate to  the  working  of  the  same,  or  of  other  lands  containing  the 
deposits  described  in  this  act,  .and  the  treatment  and  shipment  of  the 
products  thereof  by  or  under  authority  of  the  government,  its  lessees, 
or  permittees,  and  for  other  public  purposes:  Prni'i<l«l,  That  said 
secretary,  in  his  discretion,  in  making  any  lease  under  this  act  may 
reserve  to  the  United  States  the  right  to  dispose  of  the  surface  of  the 
lands  embraced  within  such  lease  under  existing  law  or  laws  hereafter 


ANTI.MO.XV,    (iKAIMIITK.    MCKKI..    I'OTASII.    STK<  >NTI  I  M  .    TIN. 

enacted,  in  so  far  as  said  surface  is  not  necessary  for  use  of  the  lessee 
in  extracting  and  removing  the  deposits  therein:  rr»\-'ul«l  further.  That 
if  such  reservation  is  made  it  shall  be  so  determined  before  the  offering 
of  such  lease;  that  the  said  secretary,  during  the  life  of  the  lease,  is 
authori/ed  to  issue  such  permits  for  easements  herein  provided  to  he 
reserved. 

SKC.  7.  That  each  lease  shall  contain  provisions  deemed  necessary 
for  the  protection  of  the  interests  of  the  United  States,  and  for  the 
pi-event  ion  of  monopoly,  and  for  the  safeguarding  of  the  public  welfare. 

SKC.  S.  That  any  lease  issued  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  may 
be  forfeited  and  canceled  by  an  appropriate  proceeding  in  the  United 
Slates  district  court  for  the  district  in  which  the  property  or  some  part 
thereof  is  located  whenever  the  lessee  fails  to  comply  with  any  of  the 
provisions  of  this  act,  of  the  lease,  or  of  the  general  regulations  promul- 
gated under  this  act  and  in  force  at  the  date  of  the  lease,  and  the  lease 
may  provide  for  resort  to  appropriate  methods  for  the  settlement  r-t 
disputes  or  for  remedies  for  breach  of  specified  conditions  thereof. 

SEC.  9.  That  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  also  apply  to  all  deposits 
of  potassium  salts  in  the  lands  of  the  United  States  which  may  have 
been  or  may  be  disposed  of  under  laws  reserving  to  the  United  States 
the  potassium  deposits  with  the  right  to  prospect  for,  drill,  mine,  and 
remove  the  same,  subject  to  such  conditions  as  to  the  use  and  occupancy 
of  the  surface  as  are  or  may  hereafter  be  provided  by  law. 

SEC.  10.  That  all  moneys  received  from  royalties  and  rentals  under 
the  provisions  of  this  act.  excepting  those  from  Alaska,  shall  be  paid 
into,  reserved,  and  appropriated  as  a  part  of  the  reclamation  fund 
created  by  the  act  of  Congress  approved  June  seventeenth,  nineteen 
hundred  and  two.  known  as  the  reclamation  act.  but  after  use  thereof 
in  tin1  construction  of  reclamation  works  and  upon  return  to  the 
reclamation  fund  of  any  such  moneys  in  the  manner  provided  by  the 
reclamation  act  and  ads  amendatory  thereof  and  supplemental  thereto, 
fifty  per  centum  of  the  amounts  derived  from  such  royalties  and 
rentals,  so  utilized  in  and  returned  to  the  reclamation  fund  shall  be 
paid  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  after  the  expiration  of  each 
fiscal  year  to  the  .state  within  the  boundaries  of  which  the  leased  lands 
or  deposits  are  or  were  located,  said  moneys  to  be  used  by  such  state 
or  subdivisions  thereof  for  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  public, 
roads  or  for  the  support  of  public  schools. 

SKC.  11.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  authori/ed  to  pre- 
scribe necessary  and  proper  rules  and  regulations  and  to  do  any  and  all 
thintrs  necessary  to  carry  out  and  accomplish  the  purposes  of  this  act. 

SKC.  12.  That  the  deposits  herein  referred  to.  in  lands  valuable  for 
such  minerals,  shall  be  subject  to  disposition  only  in  the  form  and  man- 


:J2  CALIFORNIA    STATE    MIMNC    WRKAU. 

ner  provided  in  this  act,  except  as  to  valid  claims  existent  at  date  of  the 
passage  of  this  act  and  thereafter  maintained  in  compliance  with  the 
laws  under  which  initiated,  which  claims  may  be  perfected  under  such 
laws:  Provided,  That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  construed  or  held  to 
affect  the  rights  of  the  states  or  other  local  authority  to  exercise  any 
rights  which  they  may  have  to  levy  and  collect  taxes  upon  improve- 
ments, output  of  mines,  or  other  rights,  property,  or  assets  of  any 
lessee. 

SEC.  13.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby  authorized 
and  directed  to  incorporate  in  every  lease  issued  under  the  provisions 
of  this  act  a  provision  reserving  to  the  president  the  right  to  regulate 
the  price  of  all  mineral  extracted  and  sold  from  the  leased  premises. 
which  .stipulation  shall  specifically  provide  that  the  price  or  prices 
fixed  shall  be  such  as  to  yield  a  fair  and  reasonable  return  to  the  leessee 
upon  his  investment  and  to  secure  to  the  consumer  any  of  such  products 
at  the  lowest  price  reasonable  and  consistent  with  the  foregoing: 
/VonV/rc/,  That  such  lease  issued  under  this  act  shall  also  stipulate  that 
the  President  shall  have  authority  to  so  regulate  the  disposal  of  the 
potassium  products  produced  under  such  lease  as  to  secure  its  distribu- 
tion and  use  wholly  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States  or  its  pos- 
sessions. 


ANTIMONY,    (JKAI'IIITK,     NICKKI,,    I'OTASII,    STKONTII'M,    TIN. 

CHAPTKR  V. 

STRONTIUM. 

Foreword. 

Only  small  amounts  of  tin1  strontium  minerals  arc  mined  in  the 
rnited  States,  although  they  are  known  to  he  present  in  numerous 
places,  notably  in  dolomites  and  limestones  in  the  states  of  Xe\v  York. 
Michigan,  Kentucky  and  Texas. 

The  principal  supply  of  the  world  has.  for  a  number  of  years,  come 
from  Westphalia,  in  Prussia.  Much  of  the  strontium  nitrate  used  in 
the  Tnited  States  for  fireworks  and  night  signals,  is  made  from  Eng- 
lish ores,  and  these  are  laid  down  in  the  Eastern  ports  at  such  a  low 
cost  that  domestic  producers  have  not  been  able  to  compete. 

Production  for  the  year  191H  in  California  was  57  tons,  valued  at 
$2.S:>0.  In  .1017,  W>0  tons  were  produced,  valued  at  $37.000.  This 
was  partly  carbonate  valued  at  $40  per  ton.  and  partly  sulphate  valued 
at  $()  per  ton. 

A  yreat  future  awaits  the  strontium  industry  in  California  if  the 
beet  sugar  factories  will  take  up  its  use.  The  hydroxide  is  used  in 
sugar  refiniiiL!  and  is  much  more  efficient  and  satisfactory  in  this 
process  than  lime. 

Germany,  before  the  war.  used  100.000  tons  of  strontium  hydroxide 
annually,  in  the  beet  sugar  industry  alone. 

Properties  and  Ores. 

Strontium  i.s  an  uncommon  metallic  element.     It  never  occurs  free. 

It  forms  many  compounds,  but  they  are  rare  in  nature.  The  car- 
bonate "strontianite"  and  the  sulphate  "celestite"  are  its  only  com- 
mercial ores. 

tilrtmfiaiiilc  (SrO.J  or  (Sr()  -j-  CO.,)  Strontium  carbonate.  Con- 
tains 70.:?',  Sr().  Color  white,  pale  green  or  yellowish.  Luster  vitreous 
or  resinous.  Hardness  :'>.."> — 4.0.  Gravity  £7.  Prismatic,  cleavage. 
Occurs  in  columnar,  divergent  masses,  fibreons  or  granular.  Trans- 
parent to  translucent. 

It  has  been  found  in  commercial  quantities  near  Barstow.  San  Ber- 
nardino County,  and  reported  in  a  few  other  localities. 

Gives  to  the  (lame  a  crimson  color,  and  effervesces  in  cold  dilute 
acids. 

Celestitt  (SrSO()  or  (SrO  +  SO,)  strontium  sulphate.  Contains 
•">(>.  4',  SrO.  Colorless  to  pale  blue,  sometimes  slightly  reddish. 
Vitreous  oi-  pearly  luster.  Perfect  basal  cleavage.  Hardness  :?.()  to  :5.-~>. 
Gravity  :5.!>.  Occurs  massive  or  as  long,  slender,  or  tabular  fibreous 
crystals. 

Kused  in  borax  bead  gives  the  characteristic  crimson  llame.  With 
soda  oi-  coal  fuses  to  a  mass,  which  when  moistened  blackens  silver. 

Found  in  beds  of  sandstone,  limestone,  gypsum,  rock  salt  and  clay. 


:{4  CALIFORNIA    STAT 

Deposits  are  known  in  the  desert  regions  of  San  Bernardino  County, 
and  some  are  now  being  developed.  Deposits  have  also  been  found  in 
Imperial  County  and  in  Inyo  County,  with  Death  Valley  colemanite, 
as  slender  blue  crystals. 

Uses. 

The  principal  use  for  strontium  in  the  past,  in  this  country,  has  been 
in  the  manufacture  of  strontium  nitrate  for  fireworks  and  signal 
rockets  of  all  kinds.  Strontium  salts  give  a  brilliant  crimson  color. 

The  hydroxide  is  used  in  the  sugar  refining  industry. 

The  development  that  can  reasonably  be  expected  along  this  line, 
together  with  the  increased  demand  for  its  use,  as  signal  rockets,  etc., 
since  this  country  has  entered  the  war.  should  greatly  stimulate  the 
search  for  this  mineral  and  the  development  of  new  and  old  properties. 

Tests. 

The  principal  tests  for  strontium  are  the  crimson  flame  test  and  the 
alkaline  reaction  after  heating.  For  the  flame  test  a  lamp  which  gives 
a  hot,  non-luminous,  blue  flame  is  essential.  Both  the  sulphate  and 
the  carbonate  when  heated  before  the  blowpipe,  and  placed  on 
moistened  turmeric  paper,  turn  it  red  (alkaline  reaction). 

The  carbonate  when  heated  before  the  blowpipe,  swells  and  spouts, 
while  the  sulphate  flies  to  pieces  (decrepitates),  but  will  fuse  at  low 
temperatures. 

Prices. 

Quotations  on  strontium  nitrate  during  1916  averaged  around  33^ 
per  pound,  and  on  strontium  carbonate  from  16  to  18-^  per  pound  for 
the  natural  ore,  and  from  45  to  50#  for  the  chemically  pure  carbonate. 

Strontium  Deposits. 
Name  and  address  of  owners  or  operators  Name  and  location  of  property. 


Mortimer,  F.  G., 

2110  E.  52d  St.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal 

Nicklin,  T.  G., 


Tish  Creek  Mountains,  Imperial  County. 

Barstow,  Cal.  Nicklin-Henderson  Strontium  Deposit,  Barstow, 

Peeler,  W.  F.,  and  Roberts,  D.  B.,  San  Bernardino  County. 

319  W.  Florence  St.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal Fish  Creek  Mountains,  Imperial  County. 

Sloan,  J.  H., 

Barstow,  Cal.  I  Sloan   Feldspar  Deposit   Barstow,   San   Bernar- 

I  dino  County. 


Strontium  Buyers. 

American  Trona  Corporation Pacific  Electric  Bldg.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

California  Chemical  Co.,  W.  L.  Lynds •_ Long  Beach,  Cal. 

Foote  Mineral  Co li>7  N.  19th  St..  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Fuller,  Ralph  I...  &  Co I  Rector  St.,  NVw  York  City 

Klipstein  &  Co <;r,4  Greenwich  St..  NV\\   York  City 

Mallinckrodt  Chemical  Works _St.   Louis,  Mo. 

Mortimer,  F.  G 65th  St.  and  Santa  Fe  Avc.,  Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

Pacific  Western  Commercial  Co 149  California  St.,  San  Francisco 

Powers- WrightniiUin-Rosengartcn  Co Philadelphia,  Pa. 


.\\TI.\Iu\Y,    QBAPHITB,     MCKKI.,     I'OTASll.    STKt  ».\Tir  M  .    TIN.  '-'t't 

CHAPTER  VI. 

TIN. 

Foreword. 

Tin  is  one  of  the  oldest  known  niclals.  It  was  obtained  from 
UK-  British  Isles  long  before  the  Christian  era.  Many  ancient 
bron/es  contained  tin.  The  Cornwall  mines  in  Kngland  were  long  fa- 
mous, but  are  now  practically  exhausted.  More  than  one-half  of  the 
world's  production  is  obtained  from  placers,  mainly  in  the  Malax 
Peninsula,  in  Bolivia,  and  the  Islands  of  Banca  and  Billiton  near 
Sumatra.  Australia  furnishes  minor  amounts.  The  I'niled  States 
is  the  largest  consumer  of  tin  among  the  nations,  and  is  supplied 
mostly  by  imports.  In  1!)17  there  were  71.S4.~>  short  tons  imported. 
The  domestic  output  is  derived  principally  from  Alaska  in  connection 
with  gold  dredging,  and  minor  quantities  come  from  the  Black  Hills 
in  South  Dakota,  and  from  North  and  South  Carolina.  The  total 
domestic  production  in  1!H7  was  90  short  tons. 

In  California  tin  has  not  been  produced  commercially  since  1891  and 
1S92.  During  these  two  years  about  251,000  pounds  were  produced, 
valued  at  approximately  $60.000.  There  was  no  production  in  1917. 

Along  with  other  metals,  but  probably  to  a  less  extent,  the  use  for  tin 
has  been  increased  by  the  war.  It  is  hoped  that  this  will  tend  to  the 
development  of  new  properties,  and  add  a  stimulus  to  the  working  of 
old  ones.  As  tin  is  worth  at  the  present  writing  85^  per  pound,  and 
cassiterite.  which  is  easily  reduced,  contains  78.7%  of  the  metal,  it  is 
clear  that  a  small  quantity  will  suffice  for  profitable  working. 

Properties. 

Native  tin  (Sn)  is  a  white  metal,  and  has  a  metallic  luster.  Hard- 
ness 2.  Gravity  7.2.  Occurs  as  rounded  grains.  Is  soft  and  malle- 
able, and  does  not  tarnish  easily  in  the  air. 

Ores  and  Occurrence. 

There  arc  two  principal  ores — a  sulphide  and  an  oxide. 

Cassiterite  (SnO.,).  Tin  oxide.  Tin  stone.  This  is  the  principal 
ore  of  tin,  from  which  practically  all  of  the  metal  is  obtained.  It  is 
rare  in  California.  Contains  78.1%  tin,  and  21.3%  oxygen.  Occurs 
in  square  prisms  and  octohedrom,  often  in  twins.  Also  massive  and  in 
grains.  Cleavage  indistinct.  Color  brown,  yellow,  or  black.  Ada- 
mantine luster.  Streak  pale  brown  to  gray.  Sometimes  nearly  trans- 
parent. Hardness  (5.7.  (Gravity  (5.4  to  7.0.  Resembles  dark  garnet  or 
some  varieties  of  tourmaline.  Infusible  in  borax  head.  When  heated 
on  charcoal  with  soda  gives  globule  of  metallic  tin.  This  is  the  prin- 
cipal means  of  distinguishing  it. 

Occurs  in  veins,  in  granite,  gneiss  and  mica  schist,  associated  with 
pyrite.  topaz,  tourmaline,  talc,  mica  and  albite. 

titfinnitc  (Cu,r>  FeS  SnS2).  Tin  sulphide.  Tin  pyrites.  Contains 
sulphur,  30%  copper,  27%  tin  and  13%  iron.  Steel  ^ray  Jo  iron 


36  CALIFORNIA  STATK  MIXING  BI'KKAr. 

black  in  color.  Sometimes  broii/e  like.  Ulackish  streak,  l.rillle. 
Hardness  4.0.  (Jravity  4.3  1<>  4. (5.  Occurs  commonly  massive  or  in 
grains. 

When  fused  alone  on  charcoal  gives  white  coating  of  tin  oxide. 
Slightly  magnetic  after  heating  in  borax  bead. 

All  the  tin  produced  commercially  in  California  has  been  taken  from 
a  small  deposit  near  Corona,  in  Riverside  County.  This,  however,  has 
not  produced  for  the  last  several  years. 

In  the  gulches  on  the  east  slope  of  Laguna  mountain,  San  Diego 
County,  cassiterite  has  been  found  in  black  sand.  Also  found  in  Pine 
Valley  in  the  same  county. 

In  the  eastern  part  of  Fresno  County  in  the  high  Sierras  it  has  been 
found  with  wolframite. 

Test. 

The  simplest  and  easiest  test  for  cassiterite  is  to  treat  a  fragment  of 
the  mineral  with  dilute  hydrochloric  or  sulphuric  acid  and  granulated 
zinc.  The  action  of  the  acid  and  zinc  evolves  hydrogen,  which  takes 
the  oxygen  from  the  mineral,  leaving  a  coating  of  tin  on  the  fragment 
tested. 

4  H  +  Sn02=Sn  +  2  H,(). 
Lead  will  act  in  the  same  manner  as  zinc,  but  is  not  as  satisfactory: 

The  metallic  coating  has  a  dull  gray  appearance,  but  may  be  bright- 
ened by  rubbing  with  a  cloth  or  with  the  hand.  When  rubbed  with 
the  hand  it  gives  off  a  characteristic  odor. 

Uses. 

Tin  is  used  in  making  tin  plate,  tin  foil,  and  various  alloys,  as  bab- 
bitt, solder,  electrotype  metal  and  bronze.  Solder  is  about  one-third 
tin  and  two-thirds  lead.  Tin  amalgam  is  used  to  coat  mirrors. 
Ordinary  tinware  is  sheet  iron,  coated  with  tin.  by  dipping  it  into  the 
molten  metal.  Hooks,  nails,  etc.,  are  similarly  tinned.  Copper,  coated 
with  tin,  is  made  into  cooking  vessels,  and  pins  are  made  of  brass  sim- 
ilarly treated. 

Chlorides  of  tin  are  used  in  the  silk  industry,  and  in  dyeing  and 
calico  printing. 

In  the  production  of  tin  the  oxide  is  simply  reduced  by  heating  with 
coal  in  a  reverberatory  furnace. 

Sn02  +  C  =  Sn  +  CO,. 
Prices. 

Since  tin  is  almost  entirely  imported,  the  New  York  market  [trices 
control.  The  average  monthly  price  for  June,  1918,  was  91^  per  pound. 
The  San  Francisco  market  averages  approximately  the  same.  The 
price  ranged  in  1917  from  44c  to  63^.  the  average  being  57.^.  In 
191.6  the  monthly  quotation  ranged  from  36^  to  51^,  the  average  being 
43.3^.  In  1915  the  average  was  3S.7^.  In  1911  and  1912  the  average 
Xew  York  price  was  approximately  43c  with  the  San  Francisco  quota- 
tion ranging  a  little  higher. 


IM'W.K'ATIOXS. 


PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  CALIFORNIA  STATE  MINING 
BUREAU. 

Publications  of  this  Bureau  will  be  sent  on  receipt  of  the  requisite  amount.     Only 
stamps,  coin  or  money  orders  will  be  accepted  in  payment. 

Money   unit-is  should   be   madn  payable   to  the   STATE  MINING   BUREAU. 
J'i'r.iiiniil  rlirckti   trill  not   1»    uri-i-iitftl. 

REPORTS. 

Asterisk   (*)   indicates  the  publication   is  out  of  print. 

Henry  G.  Hanks.     1880. 

11,-nry   G.    Hanks. 

Henry   <:.    Hanks.     1883. 

Henry  G.    Hanks.      1884. 

Henry  C.    Hanks.     1885. 

Part  "l.      Henry   <I.    Hanks. 

I 'art   '>.      Win.    Ir.-lan.    Jr. 


1SSC. 

I  SMI. 


Report  VII.  Wm.  Irelan.  Jr. 
Report  VII I.  Win.  Irelan.  Jr. 
Report  IX.  Wm.  Irelan,  Jr. 

Wm.    Irelan.  Jr. 

Wm.   Irelan.  Jr. 


1SS7. 


*  Report        X 
Report      XI. 


1889. 

1890.  Price 

1892.     (First  biennial)  __________________________  $1.00 

'Report    XII.     J.    J.    Crawford.     1894.     (Second   biennial)  ________________________    ---- 

*Report  XIII.     J.    J.    Crawford,    1896.     (Third   biennial)  --------------------------    ---- 

Chapters   of    State    Mineralogist's   Report,    Biennial    period,    1913-1914,    Fletcher 

Hamilton  : 

Mines  and  Mineral  Resources  of  Imperial  and  San  Diego  Counties  —  F.  J.  H. 
Merrill.     1914     ________________________________________________________________ 

Mines  and   Mineral  Resources,   Amador,   Calaveras  and  Tuolumne  Counties  — 
W.   B.   Tucker.     1915  __________________________________________________________ 

Mines   and    Mineral    Resources,    Colusa,    Glenn,    Lake,    Marin,    Napa,    Solano, 
Sonoma  and  Yolo  Counties  —  Walter  W.   Bradley.     1915  ______________________ 

Mines  and  Mineral  Resources,  Del  Norte,   Humboldt  and  Mendocino  Counties 
—  F.    L.    Lowell.     1915 


Mines  and  Mineral  Resources,  Fresno.  Kern,  Kings,  Madera,  Mariposa,  Mer- 
ced,   San    Joaquin    and    Stanislaus    Counties  —  Walter    W.    Bradley,    G.    C. 


.-,() 


Brown.   F.   L.   Lowell  and   R.    P.   McLaughlin,    1915 

Mines  and   Mineral  Resources,    Shasta,   Siskiyou  and  Trinity   Counties — G.  C. 
Brown.      1915    

Report  XIV.     Fletcher  Hamilton.    1915,    Biennial   period   1913-1914.     (The  above 

county  chapters  combined  in  a  single  volume) 2.00 

Chapters   of   State   Mineralogist's   Report,    Biennial    Period,    1915-1916,    Fletcher 

Hamilton: 
Mines  and  Mineral  Resources,  Alpine,  Inyo  and  Mono  Counties,  with  geological 

map — Arthur   S.    Eakle,    Emile   Huguenin,    R.    P.    McLaughlin,    Clarence   A. 

Waring.      1917    

Mines   and    Mineral    Resources,    Butte,    Lassen,    Modoc,    Sutter   and    Tehama 

Counties — W.   Burling  Tucker,   Clarence  A.  Waring.     1917 

Mines    and    Mineral    Resources,    El    Dorado,    Placer,    Sacramento    and    Yuba 

Counties — W.    Burling  Tucker,   Clarence    A.    Waring.     1917 .65 

Mines  and  Mineral  Resources,  Los  Angeles,  Orange  and  Riverside  Counties — 

Frederick   J.   H.   Merrill.     1917 .50 

Mines  and  Mineral  Resources.  Monterey,  San  Benito,  San  Luis  Obispo,  Santa 

Barbara  and  Ventura  Counties — Walter  W.  Bradley,  Emile  Huguenin,  C.  A. 

Logan,    Clarence   A.    Waring.     1917 .65 

Mines  and   Mineral   Resources,    San   Bernardino   and   Tulare   Counties — H.   C. 

Cloudman,  Emile  Huguenin,  F.  J.  H.  Merrill,  W.  Burling  Tucker.     1917 


.60 


1.25 

.50 


*Bulletin  1. 
•Bulletin  2. 
'Bulletin  3. 

'Bulletin  4. 
*Bulletin  5 

Bulletin  fi. 
•Bulletin  7. 

•Bulletin     8. 

•Bulletin  9. 
•Bulletin  10. 

•Bulletin  11. 
'Bulletin  12. 
•Bulletin  13. 


.65 

BULLETINS. 
Dessicated   Human   Remains.  —  Winslow   Anderson.     1888  __________    ____ 

Methods  of  Mine  Timbering.—  W.   H.    Storms.      1894  ______________     ____ 

Gas  and  Petroleum  Yielding  Formations  of  the  Central  Valley  of 

California.—  W.  L.  Watts.     1894  ________________________________    ____ 

Catalogue    of    California    Fossils    (Parts    2,    3,    4    and    5).  —  J.    G. 

Cooper.      1894    _________________________________________________    ____ 

The   Cyanide   Process:   Its   Practical   Application  and   Economical 

Results—  A.    Scheidel.      1894    ___________________________ 

California   Gold   Mill   Practices.—  E.   B.   Preston.     1895  _____________  $0.50 

Mineral    Production    of    California,    by    Counties,    1894.  —  Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    sheet)  ______________________________________    ____ 

Mineral    Production    of   California,    by    Counties,    1895.  —  Chas.    G. 

Yale.       (Tabulated    sheet)  ______________________________________    ____ 

Mine  Drainage,   Pumps,   etc.  —  Hans  C.  Behr.     1896  ________________    ____ 

A     Bibliography    Relating:    to    the    Geology.     Paleontology,     and 

Mineral    Resources   of   California.  —  A.    W.    Vogdes.     1896  ______    ____ 

Oil  and   Gas   Yielding   Formations   of   Los   Angeles,   Ventura   and 

Santa   Barbara   Counties.  —  W.    L.    Watts.     1896  ________________ 

Mineral    Production   of   California,    by   Counties,    1896.  —  Chas.   G 

Yale.       (Tabulated    sheet)  _________________________ 

Mineral    Production    of    California,    by    Counties     1897  —Chas     C 

Vale.       (Tabulated    sheet) 


PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    CALIFORNIA    STATE    MINING     BUREAU— Continued. 
Asterisk  (•)  indicates  the  publication  is  out  of  print.  Price. 

•Bulletin   14.     Mineral    Production   of   California,    by    Counties,    1898 — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated  sheet) 

Bulletin   15.     Map  of  Oil  City  Oil  Fields,  Fresno  County. — J.  H.  Means 

•Bulletin   16.     The   Genesis   of   Petroleum   and   Asphaltum   in   California. — A.    S. 

Cooper.     1899 

•Bulletin   17.     Mineral    Production    of   California,    by   Counties,    1899. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated  sheet)  __ 

•Bulletin   18.     The  Mother  Lode  Region  of  California. — W.  H.  Storms,  1900— 
•Bulletin   19.     Oil   and   Gas   Yielding    Formations   of   California.— W.    L.    Watts. 

1900 

•Bulletin   20.     Synopsis    of    General    Report    of    State    Mining    Bureau. — W.    L. 

Watts.  -   1900 

•Bulletin  21.     Mineral    Production   of   California,   by   Counties,    1900. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin  22.     Mineral   Production  of  California  for  Fourteen   Years. — Chas.   G. 

Yale.      1900.      (Tabulated    sheet)     

Bulletin.          Reconnaissance  of  the  Colorado  Desert  Mining  District. — Stephen 

Bowers.     1901 1 

Bulletin  23.     The  Copper  Resources  of  California. — P.  C.  DuBois,  F.  M.  Ander- 
son, J.  H.  Tibbits,  and  G.  A.  Tweedy.      1902 $0.50 

•Bulletin  24.     The   Saline  Deposits  of  California. — G.   B.   Bailey.      1902 

•Bulletin  25.     Mineral    Production    of   California,    by   Counties,    1901. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin  26.     Mineral    Production    of    California    for    Fifteen    Years. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.     1901.     (Tabulated  sheet) 

•Bulletin   27.     The   Quicksilver   Resources   of   California. — Wm.    Forstner.     1903    

•Bulletin   28.     Mineral    Production    of   California,   by    Counties,    1902. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin   29.     Mineral    Production    of   California    for    Sixteen    Years. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.     1902.     (Tabulated  sheet) 

•Bulletin   30.     A  Bibliography  of  Geology,  Palaeontology,  and  Mineral  Resources 

of  California.— A.  W.  Vogdes.     1903 - 

•Bulletin   31.     Chemical  Analyses  of  California  Petroleum. — H.  N.  Cooper.     1903. 

(Tabulated  sheet)   

Bulletin  32.     Production  and  Use  of  Petroleum  in  California. — P.  W.  Prutzman. 

1904 .25 

•Bulletin  33.     Mineral    Production    of   California,    by    Counties,    1903. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin  34.     Mineral  Production  of  California  for  Seventeen  Years. — Chas.  G. 

Yale.     1903.     (Tabulated  sheet) 

•Bulletin   35.     Mines  and  Minerals  of  California  for  1903. — Chas.  G.  Yale.      1904. 

(Statistical)    

•Bulletin   36.     Gold  Dredging  in  California.— J.  E.  Doolittle.     1905 

Bulletin  37.     Gems,  Jewelers'  Materials,  and  Ornamental  Stones  of  California. 
— George  F.  Kunz.      1905  : 

First  edition   (without  colored  plates) .25 

•Second  edition   (with  colored  plates) 

•Bulletin   38.     The    Structural    and    Industrial    Materials    of    California. — Wm. 

Forstner,   T.    C.    Hopkins,    C.   Naramore,   L,.    H.    Eddy.      1906 

•Bulletin  39.     Mineral    Production    of   California,    by   Counties,    1904. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated   sheet)    

•Bulletin   40.     Mineral   Production  of  California  for  Eighteen  Years. — Chas.   G. 

Yale.      1904.      (Tabulated   sheet)    

•Bulletin  41.     Mines    and    Minerals    of    California,     for     1904 — Chas.     G.     Yale 

(Statistical)    

•Bulletin  42.     Mineral   Production   of  California,   by  Counties,    1905. — Chas.   G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated   sheet)    -    

•Bulletin   43.     Mineral   Production  of  California  for  Nineteen  Years. — Chas.   G. 

Yple.      1905.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin  44.     Mines    and    Minerals    of    California,    for    1905.— Chas.    G.    Yale. 

(Statistical)    

•Bulletin  45.     Auriferous  Black  Sands  of  California. — J.  A.  Edman.     1907 

Bulletin   46.     General  Index  to  Publications  of  the  State  Mining  Bureau. — Com- 
piled by  Chas.  G.  Yale.     1907 .30 

•Bulletin   47.     Mineral    Production    of   California,    by   Counties,    1906. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin   48.     Mineral    Production    of    California   for   Twenty    Years. — Chas.    G. 

Yale.      1906.      (Tabulated  sheet)    

•Bulletin   49.     Mines    and    Minerals    of    California,    for    1906.— Chas.    G.    Yale. 

(Statistical)    

Bulletin  50.     The  Copper  Resources  of  California. — A.   Hausmann,   J.    Krutt- 

schnitt,  Jr..  W.   E.   Thome,  J.   A.   Edman.     1908 1.00 

•Bulletin   51.     Mineral    Production    of    California,    by    Counties,    1907. — D.    H. 

Walker.      (Tabulated    sheet)     

•Bulletin  52.     Mineral   Production   of  California  for  Twenty-one   Years. — D.   H. 

Walker.      1907.      (Tabulated    sheet) 

•Bulletin  53.     Mineral   Production   of  California   for   1907,    with    County    Maps— 

D.     H.    Walker.      1908.      (Statistical) 

•Bulletin  54.     Mineral    Production    of    California,    by    Counties,     1908.— D.    H. 

Walker.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin  55.     Mineral   Production   of  California  for  Twenty-two  Years. — D.   H. 
Walker.      1908.      (Tabulated    sheet)     _ 


PUBLICAT 


PUBLICATIONS    OF    THE    CALIFORNIA    STATE     MINING     BUREAU— Continued. 

Asterisk  (*)  indicates  the  publication  is  out  of  print.  Price. 

•Bulletin   56.     Mineral    Production    for    1908,    County    Maps,    and    Mining    Laws 

of  California. — D.   H.   Walker.      1909.      (Statistical) 

•Bulletin  57.     Gold    Dredging    in    California. — W.    B.    Winston,    Charles    Janin. 

1910 

•Bulletin  58.     Mineral    Production    of    California,    by    Counties,    1909.— D.    H. 

Walker.      (Tabulated    sheet)     

•Bulletin  59.     Mineral  Production  of  California  for  Twenty-three  Years. — D.  H. 

Walker.      190!).      (Tabulated  sheet)    

•Bulletin   60.     Mineral    Production    for    1909,    County    Maps,    and    Mining   Laws 

of  California. — D.H.Walker.     1910.     (Statistical) 

•Bulletin  61.     Mineral   Production   of   California,    by   Counties,    for   1910.— D.    H. 

\Vulkfi-.      (Tabulated    sheet)    

•Bulletin  62.     Mineral    Production   of   California  for   Twenty-four  Years. — D.    H. 

Walker.     1910.      (Tabulated    sheet)     

Bulletin  63.     Petroleum   in   Southern   California. — P.   W.    Prutzman.      1912 $0.75 

Bulletin   64.      Mineral   Production   for   1911. — E.   S.    Boalich,    1912 

Bulletin   65.      Mineral    Production   for   1912.— E.    S.    Boalich,    1913 

•Bulletin   66.     Mining  Laws,  United   States  and   California,    1914 

Bulletin   67.     Minerals    of    California. — A.    S.    Eakle,    1914 

Bulletin   68.     Mineral   Production   for   1913. — E.    S.    Boalich.      1914 

Bulletin   69.     Petroleum  Industry  of  California,  with  Folio  of  Maps  (18x22  in.) 

— R.   P.   McLaughlin  and  C.   A.  Waring,    1914 2.00 

•Bulletin  70.     Mineral    Production    for   1914,    with    Mining   Law   Appendix.     1915    

•Bulletin  71.     California  Mineral  Production  for  1915,  with  Mining  Law  Appen- 
dix and  Maps.— Walter  W.  Bradley,  1916 

Bulletin  72.     Geologic    Formations    of    California. — James    Perin    Smith.      1917 

(For1  Mail,   see   below) .25 

''Bulletin  73.      Report  of  Operations   of  Department  of  Petroleum  and  Gas  for    

1915-1916.— R.     P.     McLaughlin.       1917 

Bulletin  74.     California    Mineral    Production    for    1916,    with    County    Maps. — 

Walter    W.     Kradlcy.     l',»17 

Bulletin  75.     U.   S.  and  California  Mining  Laws 

Bulletin   76.     Manganese  and   Chromium   in   California    (in  preparation) 

Bulletin  77.     Catalogue    of    Publications    of    California    State    Mining    Bureau, 

1880-1918.— E.  S.   Boalich  

Bulletin  78.      Quicksilver   Resources   of   California.     (In   press.) 

Bulletin  79.      Magnesite    in    California.     (In    preparation) 

Bulletin   80.     Tungsten,   Molybdenum  and  Vanadium  in  California.      (In  prep- 
aration)  

Preliminary    Reports. 

'Preliminary  Report  No.   1.     Notes    on    Damage    by    Water    in    California    Oil 

Fields,   Dec.,   1913.     By   R.   P.   McLaughlin 

•Preliminary  Report    No.    2.     Notes    on    Damage    by    Water    in    California    Oil 

Fields,    Mar.,    1914.     By   R.    P.    McLaughlin • 

•Preliminary  Report  No.  3.     Manganese  and  Chromium,  1917.  By  E.  S.  Boalich     

Preliminary  Report  No.  3.     Mansanese    and     Chromium.     By    E.     S.     Boalich. 

(Second    edition)    

Preliminary  Report   No.   4.     Tungsten,    Molybdenum  and   Vanadium,    1918.     By 

E.   S.   Boalich  and  W.   O.  Castello 

I'r.'liininary    Ri'jmrt    No.    5.      Antimony,    Graphite,    Nickel.    Potash,    Strontium, 

Tin,   r.'is.     r.y   K.  s.    Boalich  and  W.  O.  Castello 

Registers    of    Mines   with    Maps. 

Amador   County   $.25 

Butte    County    .25 

•Calaveras    County    

•El  Dorado  County 

•Inyo   County    

•Kern  County 

Lake  County .25 

Mariposa  County - .25 

•Nevada    County    

•Placer  County _ 

•Plumas    County    

•San  Bernardino  County 

•San   Diego  County 

Santa  Barbara  County .25 

•Shasta   County    

•Sierra  County 

•Siskiyou  County , 

•Trinity  County 

•Tuolumne  County 

Yuba    County    .25 

Register  of  Oil  Wells   (with  map),  Los  Angeles  City .35 


40  CALIFORNIA    STATE    MINING    BUKK.U'. 

OTHER   MAPS. 

•"California,  Showing  Mineral.  Deposits   (50x60  in.) —  Price 

Mounted     $1.50 

Forest   Reserves  in   California — 

Mounted    .50 

Unmounted    . .30 

*MIneral  and  Relief  Map  of  California 

El  Dorado  County,  Showing  Boundaries  of  National  Forests .20 

Madera  County,   Showing  Boundaries   of  National   Forests .20 

Placer  County,   Showing  Boundaries  of  National   Forests .20 

Shasta   County,   Showing  Boundaries   of  National   Forests .20 

Sierra    County,    Showing    Boundaries    of    National    Forests .20 

Siskiyou  County,  Showing  Boundaries  of  National  Forests .20 

Trinity  County,   Showing  Boundaries  of  National  Forests .45 

Tuolumne  County,  Showing  Boundaries  of  National  Forests .20 

*Mother    Lode    Region    _ 

Desert    Region   of    Southern    California    .10 

Minaret    Region,    Madera    County .20 

Copper  Deposits  in   California .05 

Calaveras   County    .25 

Plumas   County    .25 

Tuolumne     County     .25 

Geological  Map  of  .California   (mounted) — 50x60  inches -  2.50 

DETERMINATION    OF    MINERAL   SAMPLES. 

Samples  (limited  to  three  at  one  time)  of  any  mineral  found  in  the  state  may  be 
sent  to  the  Bureau  for  identification,  and  the  same  will  be  classified  free  of  charge. 
No  samples  will  be  determined  if  received  from  points  outside  the  state.  It  must  be 
understood  that  no  assays,  or  quantitative  determinations  will  be  made.  Samples 
should  be  in  lump  form  if  possible,  and  marked  plainly  with  name  of  sender  on  out- 
side of  package,  etc.  No  samples  will  be  received  unless  delivery  charges  are  propaid. 
A  letter  should  accompany  sample,  giving  locality  where  mineral  was  found  and  tin? 
nature  of  the  information  desired. 


INDEX. 


Alloys  Page 

Antimony    _  s,    ;i 

Xic-kcl      .  17     is 

Tin '    :it; 

A  In  a  it.-     21 

Amalgam,    tin    lit; 

Amorphous    j^rapliite    II 

Anti-frlctlem    metals    H 

Antimony  s 

Alloys    s,    :i 

IJliyrrs      I  L' 

( "oncentration    1  ti 

Consumers   11' 

Contracts   ami   specifications 12.    Hi 

l»i-m:iml 8,  12,    13 

Deposits    11 

Imports 1 8 

Market 10,  12,   13 

Occurrence 9 

Ores 0 

Prices    10 

Producers 11 

Production   8 

Properties 8 

Sulphide    9 

Tests   9 

Uses   9,  12,   13 

Value    8,   10 

Arsenical   nickel 18 

Babbitt   9,   34 

Blacklead - 14 

Black  powder   

Bronze    !!'! 

Buy  era 

Antimony 12 

Graphite   16 

Potassium     23 

Strontium ::  I 

California   State   Mining  Bureau,    Publications  of 37 

Carbonate 

Strontium 33 

Cassiterite    35,   36 

Caustic  Potash 20 

Celestite    33 

Chloride,    tin    36 

Coins 18 

Consumers 

Antimony   12 

Graphite   • 16 

Potassium 2ii 

Strontium    34 

Concentration    of    Antimony    10 

Copper   nickel    18 

Deposits 

Antimony 11 

Graphite 16 

Nickel    IS 

Potassium 23 

Strontium 34 

Determination   of  mineral   samples   40 

Exploration   for  Potash,   Federal    Act    __        28 

Explosives    • 22 

Feldspar 20 

Fertilizer ___20,  21,   22 

Fireworks 22,   34 

Fish  and  Game  L,aw  relative  to  kelp 24 

Freight    rates    7 

Friday    mine    17,   IS 

Graphite 14 

Buyers '. If. 

Consumers    16 

Deposits    16 

Imports 14 

iirnirrence    __                                                                                                                                   .  1  I,    I." 


42  INDEX. 

Graphite — Continued.  I'njr" 

Prices    ir, 

Producers 1  <\ 

Production    1  i 

Properties 1  I      i ." 

Uses '  1.1 

Value ]),    i  r, 

Hydroxide  of  strontium 3:;.    :;  i 

Imports 

Antimony   8 

Graphite   , 1  i 

Nickel   17 

Potash i  :i 

Strontium :::: 

Tin _.  36 

Kelp •:} 

Fees   for    harvesting i:  I 

Fish  and  Game  Law  relative  to 24 

Licenses  to  harvest __  24 

Letters   from   antimony   consumers    12,    1" 

Licenses   to   harvest   kelp   24 

Lye 20 

Market  for  antimony 10,   12,   13 

Matte,    copper-nickel    17 

Millerite IT 

Mineral  samples,   determination  of 1 40 

Niccolite 18 

Nickel    17 

Alloys    17,    IS 

Arsenical    1  s 

Demand    1  7 

Deposits    18 

Imports 

Occurrence 17 

Ores 1  7 

Plating    18 

Prices    

Production   

Properties 17 

Refined   _.  17 

Steel 17,   18 

Sulphide    17 

Tests    18 

Uses IS 

Nickeloid    18 

Niter    20 

Nitrate   of   strontium    34 

Occurrence 

Antimony 9 

Graphite 14,   15 

Nickel   17 

Potassium • 20 

Strontium    33,   34 

Tin 35 

Ores 

Antimony   9 

Nickel   17 

Strontium  _- 33 

Tin 35 

Plumbago 14 

Potash 1  :i 

Buyers 2:: 

Caustic    20 

Consumers    

Demand — — 19 

Deposits    23 

Exploration    (Federal  Act)    — 

Fish  and  Game   Law   relative  to  kelp —  21 

For  fertilizer 21,   22 

From   kelp   21 

Imports . 19 

Occurrence 20 

Prices    19 

Producers ' 23 

Production   19 

Properties 

Publications 1  •' 

Salts -- 20,   21,    22 

Sources -° 

Tests   21 

Uses  -_        22 


INDEX  4:J 

Page 

potassium  19 

Cjirlionatc      20,    22 

Chlorate                              _.  22 

Chloride  20 

Nitmic                                                                                                                          20,    21 

Sulphate 20,    21 

Prices 

Antimony     10 

Craphilo          15 

Nickel  IS 

Potassium                                            19 

Strontium    

Tin                                                                                                                           35,   36 

Producers 

Antimony                           11 

Graphite  16 

Potassium    

Strontium 3-1 

Production 

Antimony    8 

Graphite 14 

Nickel    17 

Potassium -- 19 

Strontium 33 

Tin 35 

I  'roporties 

Antimony   8 

Uraphite 14,    15 

Nickel    17 

Potassium    19 

Strontium 33 

Tin 35 

Publications  of  California  State  Mining  Bureau 37 

On    Potash   1  :• 

I'yrrhotite    17 

Saltpeter     20,   21 

Solder    36 

Stannite    35,   36 

Steel 

Nickel    17,   18 

Stilmite 9 

Strontianite    33 

Strontium 

Buyers 34 

Carbonate 33 

Consumers 34 

Deposits    34 

Hydroxide    33,   34 

Imports 33 

Nitrate    

Occurrence 33,  34 

Ores 3:; 

Prices    34 

Producers 34 

Production   

Properties 33 

Sulphate   _I  33 

Tests    34 

Tses 34 

Value                                                                                  — 33,  34 

Sulphate 

Strontium 33 

Sulphide  of 

Antimony   0 

Nickel    17 

Tin :'::. 

Tests 

Antimony   fl 

Nickel    18 

Potassium 1M 

Strontium   34 

Tin 36 

Tin :;:. 

Alloys    36 

Amalgam    36 

Chlorides 36 

Imports 35 

Occurrence 35 

Ores 35 

Oxide 35 

Prices    3T.,   36 

Production    35 


44  INDKX. 

Tin — Continued.  Page 

Properties 3.~, 

Sulphide    :;:. 

Tests   36 

Uses 36 

Value 35,   :;c, 

Unit 10 

Uses 

Antimony !),  1:.'.    13 

Graphite   15 

Nickel   :_;  18 

Potassium 

Strontium 34 

Tin 3C 

Value 

Antimony S,   10 

Graphite* 14,    15 

Nickel     IN 

Potassium    1ft 

Strontium 33.    31 

Tin  __                                                                           •'••>.   3t; 


3SC24     9-18     2M 


A     000  083  761     7 


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